Class

Question 1

Alan Ross

Answer 1

U and Non-U language, the middle class use Non-U words that act as shibboleths, revealing their class status. U = ‘napkin’, Non-U = ‘serviette’.

Question 2

Basil Bernstein

Answer 2

Elaborated and Restricted Code. Everyone uses restricted code with people who you share prior context with, its informal and economical. Only the middle class use elaborated code, it is explicit and doesn’t require prior knowledge to understand.

Question 3

Peter Trudgill

Answer 3

Studied g-dropping in Norwich. Velar nasal /ŋ/ vs alveolar nasal /n/. The upper middle class use the /ŋ/ 29% in casual chat, 100% when reading a word list. The lower working class use the /ŋ/ 0% in casual chat and 28% when reading a word list.

Question 4

RP

Answer 4

Overt prestige accent. Covert stigma. Seems intelligent but unemotional. /a:/ in ‘bath’

Question 5

Standard English

Answer 5

Overt prestige dialect. Covert stigma. Seems intelligent but unemotional. No use of double negation ‘I didn’t do nothing.’