class

Question 1

hoe does labelling effect pupils?

Answer 1

teachers make conscious and unconscious judgements about pupils which could be positive such as talented and hardworking or negative such as lazy and troublemaker
labels can cause lack of motivation and self-esteem and therefore wc pupils don’t achieve

Question 2

who is labelled negatively?

Answer 2

wc are usually seen negatively by teachers as they are furthest away from being the ideal pupil

Question 3

Becker - study of labelling

Answer 3

conducted a study of 60 teachers in USA and found they had an image of an ideal pupil that resembled mc values and teachers made judgements upon appearance where wc pupils were furthest away from ideal pupil

Question 4

Rist - study of labelling

Answer 4

studied a preschool in america and found teachers grouped pupils according to ability, labelling the good pupils ‘tigers’ who were usually mc and labelled wc as ‘clowns’

Question 5

criticisms of labelling

Answer 5

not all pupils accept labels
gender and ethnic factors are also important to note

Question 6

what does Keddie argue about setting and streaming?

Answer 6

students in lower sets were given less challenging work and lower tier exams which disadvantaged them whereas pupils in higher sets were given challenging work and encouraged to go to higher education

Question 7

criticisms of setting and streaming

Answer 7

Ball argues the removal of this would lessen anti school subcultures
mixed ability groups perform better than setting

Question 8

Bernstein - language

Answer 8

elaborated code is used by mc and teachers in schools which was formal and has wide vocabulary
restricted code is used by wc which was simple and informal

Question 9

criticisms of Bernstein

Answer 9

sees wc language was inferior
pupils are able to learn elaborated code throughout schooling

Question 10

what does Douglas argue about parental interest?

Answer 10

wc pupils underachieve due to lack of parental interest as mc parents are more likely to be interested in their child’s education

Question 11

what does Feinstein argue about parental support?

Answer 11

mc parents are more likely to be more supportive of their child’s education and have high aspirations for them

Question 12

why are mc parents more likely to be interested in their child’s education?

Answer 12

mc parents are more likely to have higher income and are therefore able to buy educational books and toys for their children and have more educational knowledge

Question 13

criticisms of parental support

Answer 13

wc are not inadequate but provide a different way which puts them at a disadvantage due to mc habitus which is a problem created by educational system
wc parents still want their children to succeed in education but they have less opportunity to do so

Question 14

what does Lacy argue about school subcultures?

Answer 14

pupils are marginalised in education due to setting and streaming as lower sets feel rejected and gain recognition from deviant behaviour

Question 15

Willis - ‘lads’ study

Answer 15

study of 12 wc boys who rejected school and rebelled to gain recognition from peers

Question 16

criticism of subcultures

Answer 16

other factors such as labelling also accounts to subcultures
anti school doesn’t always mean anti education
most pupils conform to shared norms and values

Question 17

wha does Archer argue about class identity?

Answer 17

wc developed a ‘nike identity’ through wearing branded clothes to fit in and create status and schools reject this habitus as schools are based on ruling class habitus

Question 18

wha does Reay argue about wc and university?

Answer 18

wc pupils see university as not for the likes of them due to their lower status

Question 19

what do compensatory education programmes aim to do?

Answer 19

tackle the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources for schools and communities in deprived areas

Question 20

how is poverty linked to educational underachievement?

Answer 20

-money problems in the family are a significant factor in younger children’s attendance in school
-exclusion is more likely for children in poorer families
-nearly 90% of ‘failing’ schools are in deprived areas

Question 21

how does poor housing effect children’s education?

Answer 21

overcrowding can make it harder to study and means less room for educational activities, nowhere to do homework and having sleep disturbed from sharing bedrooms

Question 22

what does Howard note about diet and health effecting children’s education?

Answer 22

young people from poor homes have lower intake of energy and minerals, poor nutrition and weak immune systems meaning more absences from school
children from poor families are more likely to have behavioural problems with higher rates of anxiety and conduct disorders

Question 23

what did Tanner find about financial effects in poorer families?

Answer 23

cost of transport, uniforms, books, computers, calculators, sports and art equipment may place heavy burden on poorer families, often having hands me downs or cheaper equipment which may result in bullying or isolation by peers as they don’t fit in

Question 24

what does Bourdieu argue about ‘culture capital’?

Answer 24

this refers to knowledge, values, and abilities of middle class, seeing this as a type of capital gives an advantage to those who possess it, such as middle class which gives them advantages in school where these abilities are highly valued