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NURS 2500 > CLASS 13 - RESPIRATORY ASSESSMENT, OXYGEN THERAPY, + RESPIRATORY AND DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES > Flashcards

CLASS 13 - RESPIRATORY ASSESSMENT, OXYGEN THERAPY, + RESPIRATORY AND DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES Flashcards

1
Q

Define Gas Exchange

A

Process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported from cells

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2
Q

Define Ischemia

A

Insufficient flow of oxygenated blood to tissues that may result in hypoxemia and subsequent cell injury

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3
Q

Define Hypoxia

A

Insufficient oxygen reaching cells

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4
Q

Define Anoxia

A

Total lack of oxygen in body tissues

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5
Q

Define Hypoxemia

A

Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood

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6
Q

Identify the 4 respiratory defense mechanisms

A

Gag reflex (to prevent aspiration)
Filtration of air
Mucociliary clearance system (cough reflex + reflex bronchoconstriction)
Alveolar macrophages

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7
Q

What are the effects of aging on:

  • elastic recoil
  • chest wall compliance
  • anteroposteiror diameter
  • functioning alveoli
A
  • DECREASED elastic recoil
  • DECREASED chest wall compliance
  • INCREASED anteroposterior diameter
  • DECREASED functioning alveoli
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8
Q

What are the effects of aging on:

  • cell-mediated immunity
  • specific antibodies
  • cilia function
  • cough force
  • alveolar macrophage function
A
  • DECREASED cell-mediated immunity
  • DECREASED specific antibodies
  • DECREASED cilia function
  • DECREASED cough force
  • DECREASED alveolar macrophage function
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9
Q

What are the effects of aging on:

  • response to hypoxemia
  • response to hypercapnia
A
  • DECREASED response to hypoxemia

- DECREASED response to hypercapnia

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10
Q

What types of questions would you ask a patient about their health history during a respiratory assessment?

A

surgery or other treatments

phx

  • any allergies?
  • history of respiratory infection or lung disease?

current health history

  • how is your breathing?
  • do you have a cough? Is it productive? what colour?
  • any SOB or dyspnea? on exertion? when lying down (orthopnea)? does it wake you up at night?
  • any chest pain? is it constant or intermittent? with deep breahts? on inspiration or expiration?

self care history

  • do you smoke or live with someone who smokes?
  • how long have you smoked for?
  • how many cigarettes a day do you smoke?

do you take any medications to help your breathing?

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11
Q

What is orthopnea?

A

SOB when lying down

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12
Q

What is Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)?

A

SOB that wakes you up at night.

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13
Q

What is a sigh? Is it a normal finding?

A

Greater inspiration + expiration

normal finding

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14
Q

what is tachypnea?

A

rapid, shallow breathing

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15
Q

what is hyperventilation?

A

Rapid breathing, larger inspirations

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16
Q

what is bradypnea?

A

slow breathing, normal volume

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17
Q

what is hypoventilation?

A

breathing too shallow + too slow to meet the needs of the body

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18
Q

what is a normal anteroposterior-to-transverse ratio?

A

1:2 or 5:7

19
Q

Describe barrel chest as an abnormal finding on chest inspection.

A

anteroposterior-to-transverse ratio of 1:1

ribs are horizontal rather than normal downward slope

associated w normal aging and w chronic emphysema and asthma as a result of hyperinflation of the lungs

20
Q

Describe scoliosis as an abnormal finding on chest inspection.

A

Lateral S-shaped curvature of thoracic and lumbar spine.

21
Q

Describe kyphosis (humpback) as an abnormal finding on chest inspection.

A

Exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic spine.

22
Q

Describe Pectus Excavatum as an abnormal finding on chest expansion.

A

Sunken sternum.

23
Q

Describe Pectus Carinatum as an abnormal finding on chest expansion.

A

Forward protrusion of the sternum.

24
Q

What is the shape of the thorax in infants?

A

Round.

25
Q

what is accessory muscle use when breathing a sign of?

A

Increased WOB.

26
Q

What are the 5 types of percussive sounds?

A 
resonant
hyper-resonant
tympany
dull
flat
27
Q

describe resonant percussive sounds in terms of amplitude, pitch, and quality

A

medium-loud
low
clear, hollow

28
Q

describe hyper-resonant percussive sounds in terms of amplitude, pitch, and quality

A

loud
low
booming

29
Q

describe tympanic percussive sounds in terms of amplitude, pitch, and quality

A

loud
high
musical + drum-like

30
Q

describe dull percussive sounds in terms of amplitude, pitch, and quality

A

soft
high
muffled thud

31
Q

describe flat percussive sounds in terms of amplitude, pitch, and quality

A

v/ soft
high
instant stop of sound, dullness

32
Q

What does IPPA stand for?

A

Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation

33
Q

Identify the 4 types of discontinuous lung sounds.

A

fine crackles
course crackles
atelectatic crackles
pleural friction rub

34
Q

Identify the 3 types of continuous lung sounds.

A 
High pitched (sibilant) wheeze
Low pitched (sonorous) wheeze
Stridor
35
Q

Describe the following voice sounds:

  • bronchophony
  • egophony
  • whispered pectoriloquy
A

bronchophony - auscultate wile the patient says “99”

egophony: auscultatw while patient says “eeeeeeeeeee”

whispered pectoriloquy: auscultate while patient whispers “one-two-three”

36
Q

What is diaphragmatic excursion? What is a normal range?

A

How far the diaphragm moves during inspiration

3-5 cm

37
Q

how do you measure diaphragmatic excursion?

A

ask patient to exhale + hold. perrcuss down + mark

ask patient to inhald + hold. percuss down + mark.

difference between the 2 = diaphragmatic excursion.

38
Q

what is bruxism?

A

teeth grinding

39
Q

Describe JVP

A

reflects pressure + volume in the R atrium

the jugular vein is distended w excess volume.

40
Q

what does a heart murmur sound like?

A

blowing or swooshing sound

41
Q

what causes an S2 split?

A

valves not closing at the same time during inspiration

42
Q

What is a VQ scan? what is the purpose of a VQ scan?

A

A VQ scan is a nuclear medicine scan that used radioactive material to examine ventilation (air flow) and perfusion (blood flow) in the lungs.

The aim of the scan is to look for evidence of a pulmonary embolism.

43
Q

what is thoracentesis?

what is the purpose of this procedure?

A

thoracentesis is a procedure in which a needle is inserted into the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall.

the procedure is done to remove excess fluid (pleural effusion) from the pleural space to help you breathe easier.

NURS 2500 (22 decks)

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