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DMS 400 OB/GYN > Class 1: Female Pelvic Anatomy > Flashcards

Class 1: Female Pelvic Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pear shaped muscular organ in the female pelvic cavity called?

A

uterus

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2
Q

what are the 4 parts of the uterus?

A
  1. fundus
  2. corpus/body
  3. isthmus
  4. cervix
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3
Q

what is the widest & most superior portion of the UT?

A

fundus

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4
Q

what is the cornua?

A

the lateral border of the fundus where fallopian tubes enter the UT

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5
Q

what is the largest part of the UT?

A

body/corpus

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6
Q

what part of the UT is within the uterine cavity?

A

body/corpus

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7
Q

which part of the UT is the transition point between the body & cervix?

A

isthmus

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8
Q

where is the most flexible part of the UT?

A

isthmus – this is the point where UT bends either ANT or POST

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9
Q

what is the part of the uterus that is cylindrical in shape & projects into the vagina?

A

cervix

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10
Q

what are the 2 openings of the cx?

A

internal-os & external-os

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11
Q

what does the internal-os open to?

A

opens from cx to UT

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12
Q

what does the external-os open to?

A

opens from cx to vagina

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13
Q

how many fornices form when the cx projects into the va?

A

4 – 2 lateral, anterior, posterior

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14
Q

what are the layers of the UT from superficial to deep?

A
  1. perimetrium/serosa
  2. myometrium
  3. endometrium/mucosal layer
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15
Q

which layer of the UT is part of the visceral peritoneum & isn’t seen on U/S?

A

perimetrium/serosa

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16
Q

what is myometrium composed of?

A

smooth muscle and CT

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17
Q

what is the function of the myometrium?

A

it contracts with labor & menstruation

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18
Q

what is the thickest layer of the UT?

A

myometrium

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19
Q

what layer of the myometrium is the junctional zone?

A

the inner layer

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20
Q

what does the junctional zone look like?

A

it can sometimes be seen as a hypoechoic halo around the endometrium

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21
Q

what are the 2 layers of the endometrium called?

A
  1. zona basalis/basal layer/deep layer
  2. superficial layer/functional layer/zona functionalis
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22
Q

which endometrium layer sheds with menses?

A

the functional layer of the endometrium

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23
Q

which layer varies in thickness depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

endometrium

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24
Q

what does the UT look like prior to menarche?

A

cylindrical & narrow

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25
Q

what is the size of the UT after menopause?

A

sag 3-6 cm
trv & ap 2-3 cm

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26
Q

what is the size of the UT in a nulliparous female?

A

sag 6-8 cm
trv & ap 3-5 cm

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27
Q

what is the ratio of the cervix to body/fundus in pediatric patients?

A

2/3 cx to 1/3 fundus & body

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28
Q

what are the 6 variants in uterine position?

A
  1. anteverted
  2. anteflex
  3. retroverted
  4. retroflexed
  5. dextroverted
  6. levoverted
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29
Q

urinary bladder & rectal distention does not affect uterine position. true/false?

A

false

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30
Q

in an anteverted uterus, the body & fundus tilt anterior to the cx. T/F?

A

true

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31
Q

what is the most common UT variant?

A

anteverted

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32
Q

which variant shows the body & fundus tilting towards the cx?

A

anteflexed

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33
Q

which variant shows the body & fundus going away from the urinary bladder?

A

retroverted

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34
Q

which variant shows the body & fundus tilting posteriorly towards the rectum?

A

retroflexed

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35
Q

what is the length of the fallopian tubes?

A

7-14 cm

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36
Q

4 parts of the fallopian tubes?

A
  1. interstitial/intramural
  2. isthmus
  3. ampulla
  4. infundibulum
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37
Q

which part of the FT passes through the cornua?

A

interstitial/intramural

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38
Q

which part of the FT is the narrowest part?

A

interstitial/intramural

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39
Q

which part of the FT is the medial segment?

A

isthmus

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40
Q

which part of the FT is the middle segment, the longest & widest, coild & turtuous?

A

ampulla

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41
Q

which part of the FT is the site of fertilization?

A

ampulla

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42
Q

which part of the FT is the most common location for ectopic pregnancies?

A

ampulla

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43
Q

where else in the FT besides the ampulla can ectopic pregnancies occur?

A

interstitial/intramural portion – interstitial ectopic pregnancy

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44
Q

which part of the FT is the last and lateral segment?

A

infundibulum

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45
Q

what are the fimbriae?

A

finger like projections from the infundibulum of the FT that move the ovum to the ovary

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46
Q

how many layers do the FT have & what are they?

A
  1. serosal
  2. muscular
  3. mucosal
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47
Q

what are the 3 pelvic spaces?

A
  1. anterior cul de sac/vesicouterine pouch
  2. posterior cul de sac/retrouterine pouch/rectouterine pouch/pouch of douglas
  3. space of retzius
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48
Q

what is the fold of peritoneum over the anterior surface of the UT & UB?

A

anterior cul de sac/vesicouterine pouch

49
Q

what is the posterior cul de sac?

A

the fold of peritoneum over the posterior surface of the UT & rectum

50
Q

which pelvic space is the most posterior & inferior portion of the peritoneal cavity?

A

posterior cul de sac

51
Q

the anterior cul de sac is the most dependent area of the peritoneal cavity. T/F?

A

false – posterior cul de sac is the most dependent area

52
Q

the space of retzius is within the folds of the peritoneum. T/F?

A

false – it is not within the peritoneum folds

53
Q

where is the space of retzius located?

A

between the pubic symphysis & UB

54
Q

what does it mean if we see the space of retzius?

A

it is NOT fluid accumulation, it is an abscess

55
Q

function of the uterine ligaments?

A

to secure the uterus in the pelvic cavity & to house vessels

56
Q

4 uterine ligaments?

A
  1. broad
  2. round
  3. cardinal/lateral
  4. uterosacral
57
Q

what is the broad ligament?

A

the part of the peritoneum that divides the true pelvis into anterior & posterior positions

58
Q

what does the broad ligament cover?

A

it covers the FT, UT, and is attached to the ovaries posteriorly

59
Q

where is the broad ligament?

A

it extends from the lateral sides of the UT to the side wall of the pelvis

60
Q

which part of the broad ligament covers the uterus?

A

mesometrium

61
Q

which part of the broad ligament covers the FT?

A

mesosalpinix

62
Q

which part of the broad ligament attaches to the ovaries?

A

mesovarium/mesovarian

63
Q

what does the round ligament support?

A

attaches the cornua to the anterior pelvic wall

64
Q

function of the round ligament?

A

helps maintain anteversion of UT

65
Q

what can excess stretching of the round ligament lead to?

A

retroversion/retroflexion

66
Q

what does the uterosacral ligament attach?

A

attaches the cervix to sacrum to provide posterior support

67
Q

what does the cardinal ligament attach?

A

attaches the cervix to the side wall of the pelvis to provide lateral support

68
Q

4 bones that make up the pelvic girdle?

A
  1. sacrum
  2. coccyx
    3-4. 2 innominate bones
69
Q

which bones form the posterior wall of the pelvis?

A

sacrum & coccyx

70
Q

what bones make up the anterior & lateral wall of the pelvis?

A

innominate bones/coxal bones

71
Q

what are the coxal bones made of?

A
  1. ilium
  2. ischium
  3. pubis
72
Q

what divides the pelvis into the true & false pelvis?

A

iliopectineal line/linea terminalis

73
Q

where does the linea terminalis extend from?

A

extends from the superior border of sacrum to superior margin of the pubic symphysis

74
Q

where is the true pelvis?

A

in the area below the pelvic brim/iliopectineal line

75
Q

the true pelvis holds the reproductive organs. T/F?

A

true

76
Q

where is the false pelvis?

A

above the pelvic brim/iliopectineal line

77
Q

where is the rectus abdominis muscle?

A

extends from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis area

78
Q

what are the 3 false pelvis muscles?

A
  1. psoas major
  2. iliacus
  3. iliopsoas
79
Q

where may we see the iliopsoas muscle on US?

A

during a TA pelvic exam at the lateral aspect

80
Q

what 4 muscles make up the true pelvis?

A
  1. obturator internus
  2. piriformis
  3. levator ani muscles
  4. coccygeus muscle
81
Q

where is the obturator internus muscle?

A

lateral portion of the true pelvis

82
Q

where is the piriformis muscle?

A

the posterior portion of the true pelvis

83
Q

what muscles make up the levator ani muscles?

A
  1. pubococcygeus
  2. puborectalis
  3. iliococcygeus
84
Q

which true pelvis muscles makes up the pelvic floor/pelvic diaphragm?

A

levator ani muscles & coccygeus muscle

85
Q

which muscles play a part in urinary & rectal continence?

A

levator ani muscles

86
Q

which muscle makes up the POSTERIOR pelvic floor?

A

coccygeus muscle

87
Q

what is the size of the ovaries?

A

3x2x1 cm

88
Q

what is the formula for the ovarian volume?

A

LxWxAP/2 (cm3)

89
Q

what are the 3 ovarian ligaments?

A
  1. mesovarian
  2. ovarian
  3. infundibulopelvic/suspensory
90
Q

function of the mesovarian ligament?

A

anchors the ovary to the posterior surface of the broad ligament

91
Q

function of the ovarian ligament?

A

to anchor the meidal aspect of the ovary to the cornua

92
Q

function of the infundibulopelvic ligament?

A

anchors lateral aspect of ovary to the pelvic brim & holds ovarian vessels

93
Q

why is the ovary also called “nude ovary”?

A

because it’s the only ABD organ that isn’t covered by the peritoneum

94
Q

what hormones do the ovaries make?

A

estrogen & progesterone

95
Q

what are the 2 parts of the ovaries?

A

outer: cortex
inner: medulla

96
Q

what does the cortex of the ovaries hold?

A

primordial follicles

97
Q

what does the medulla of the ovaries hold?

A

CT
nerves
blood supply
lymphatics
smooth muscle

98
Q

how many primordial follicles are we born with & how many mature?

A

we’re born with millions but only 300-400 mature

99
Q

what is the follicle that matures each month?

A

graafian follicle

100
Q

what size does the graafian follicle mature at and when?

A

ruptures during ovulation at 1.8-2.5 cm

101
Q

what does the follicular cavity become?

A

corpus luteum

102
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if the ovum is not fertilized?

A

it regresses/resolves

103
Q

what do the follicles of the ovaries look like on US?

A

swiss cheese appearance

104
Q

tips to image post menopausal ovaries (3)

A
  1. decrease gain
  2. look for posterior enhancement
  3. ovaries may be anterior to internal iliac vessel
105
Q

what are the arteries that supply the uterus?

A
  1. IIA/hypogastric artery
  2. uterine artery
  3. ovarian artery
106
Q

the ovaries have a dual blood supply. what are the ateries?

A
  1. ovarian artery
  2. uterine artery
107
Q

pathway of blood from the aorta to the uterus

A

abdominal aorta –> RCIA/LCIA –> IIA/hypogastric –> UA –> arcuate artery –> radial artery –> basal artery –> spiral artery

108
Q

what artery supplies the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes?

A

uterine artery

109
Q

what artery supplies the vagina?

A

vaginal artery

110
Q

what artery supplies the external genitals?

A

pudendal artery

111
Q

what do the basal/straight arteries supply?

A

basal layer of endometrium

112
Q

what do the spiral arteries supply?

A

superficial layer of endothelium

113
Q

which arteries shed blood during menses?

A

spiral arteries

114
Q

what do the arcuate arteries supply?

A

the outer 1/3 of myometrium

115
Q

what do the radial arteries supply?

A

the inner 2/3 of myometrium

116
Q

another name of ovarian arteries?

A

gonadal arteries

117
Q

where does the right ovarian vein drain to?

A

IVC

118
Q

where does the left ovarian vein drain to?

A

LRV –> IVC

DMS 400 OB/GYN (21 decks)

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