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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Class 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Class 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

study of the external and internal structures of the body, the physical relationships between body parts

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the functions of the body parts using observation techniques, conducting experiments

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3
Q

How do anatomy and physiology relate?

A

anatomy describes the location of a muscle/structure and physiology describes how the muscle contracts (the function)

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4
Q

A&P Branches (10)

A

Embryology, developmental biology, cell biology, histology, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, imaging anatomy, pathological anatomy.

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5
Q

Embryology

A

the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg

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6
Q

Developmental biology

A

the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death

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7
Q

Cell biology

A

cellular structure and functions

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8
Q

Histology

A

microscopic structure of tissues

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9
Q

Gross anatomy

A

structures that can be examined without a microscope

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10
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems

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11
Q

Regional anatomy

A

specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

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12
Q

Surface anatomy

A

surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation

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13
Q

Imaging anatomy

A

body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, and CT scans

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14
Q

Pathological anatomy

A

structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease

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15
Q

Branches of physiology (8)

A

Neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, exercise physiology, pathophysiology

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16
Q

Neurophysiology

A

functional properties of nerve cells

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17
Q

Endocrinology

A

hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions

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18
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

functions of the heart and blood vessels

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19
Q

Immunology

A

the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents

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20
Q

Respiratory physiology

A

functions of the air passageways and lungs

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21
Q

Renal physiology

A

functions of the kidneys

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22
Q

Exercise physiology

A

Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

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23
Q

Pathophysiology

A

functional changes associated with disease and aging

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24
Q

Levels of structural organization (6)

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal levels

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25
Q

Systems of the body (11)

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, nervous, endocrine, reproductive

26
Q

Systems work together to

A

maintain health, provide protection from diseases, allow for reproduction

27
Q

Living organisms distinguish themselves from non-living things because they carry the _______

A

basic life processes

28
Q

Basic life processes (6)

A

metabolism (cata/ana), responsiveness/irritability, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction

29
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all the physical and chemical processes that keep the organism alive

30
Q

Catabolism

A

breaking down of large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones

31
Q

Anabolism

A

building of the body’s structural and functional components using energy and the components obtained by catabolism

32
Q

Responsiveness/irritability

A

the reaction of the organism to a change in the internal or external environment

33
Q

Growth

A

increase in size keeping the original shape

34
Q

Differentiation

A

development of stem (precursor) cells into specialized cells

35
Q

Homeostasis

A

the tendency to maintain the body’s internal environment within certain physiological limits. a dynamic process, depends on the precise regulation of the composition of the body fluids inside or outside the cell

36
Q

Body fluids

A

ICF- intracellular fluid
ECF- extracellular fluid
OTher: cerebrospinal, synovial, aqueous humor, vitreous body

37
Q

A feedback system is a

A

cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is continually monitored

38
Q

Basic feedback loop

A

Receptor, control center, effector

39
Q

Positive feedback

A

system continually reinforces a change in a controlled condition
(reinforces conditions that do not happen often)

40
Q

Negative feedback

A

slows and stops the change, returning the controlled condition to its normal state
(regulated fairly stable conditions in the body over long periods)

41
Q

Disorder

A

any body abnormality of structure or function

42
Q

Disease

A

illness characterized by recognizable sets of signs and symptoms

43
Q

Symptom

A

abnormality noted by the patient, not apparent to the observer (a subjective change)

44
Q

Sign

A

abnormality noted and measures by another observer (objective change)

45
Q

Epidemiology

A

studies why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community

46
Q

Pharmacology

A

studies the effect and uses of drugs to treat diseases

47
Q

Head consists of two parts

A

face (facial), skull (cranial)

48
Q

The trunk

A

chest, abdomen, pelvis, back

49
Q

Terms related to trunk (anterior)

A

sternal, mammary, umbilical, pubic

50
Q

Terms related to the trunk (posterior)

A

scapular, vertebral, lumbar

51
Q

Upper extremity consists of

A

shoulder, arm, forearm, hand

52
Q

Lower extremity consists of

A

buttock, thigh, leg, foot

53
Q

Perineal region

A

between buttocks and thighs, includes urigenital triangle, anal triangle

54
Q

Two portions of the body

A

axial, appendicular

55
Q

Axial portion of the body

A

composed of the head, neck, trunk

56
Q

Appendicular portion

A

formed by the upper extremities and the lower extremities

57
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

cranial cavity, vertebral canal

58
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

59
Q

Brain is protected by three layers of membranes called

A

meninges

60
Q

Thoracic cavity formed by the

A

ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae, muscles

61
Q

Thoracic cavity contains

A

pleural cavities, mediastinum

62
Q

The heart is within a cavity called

A

pericardial cavity

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (4 decks)

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