Class 1 and 2 Flashcards
Anatomy
study of the external and internal structures of the body, the physical relationships between body parts
Physiology
the study of the functions of the body parts using observation techniques, conducting experiments
How do anatomy and physiology relate?
anatomy describes the location of a muscle/structure and physiology describes how the muscle contracts (the function)
A&P Branches (10)
Embryology, developmental biology, cell biology, histology, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, imaging anatomy, pathological anatomy.
Embryology
the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg
Developmental biology
the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death
Cell biology
cellular structure and functions
Histology
microscopic structure of tissues
Gross anatomy
structures that can be examined without a microscope
Systemic anatomy
structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems
Regional anatomy
specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
Surface anatomy
surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation
Imaging anatomy
body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, and CT scans
Pathological anatomy
structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease
Branches of physiology (8)
Neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, exercise physiology, pathophysiology
Neurophysiology
functional properties of nerve cells
Endocrinology
hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions
Cardiovascular physiology
functions of the heart and blood vessels
Immunology
the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents
Respiratory physiology
functions of the air passageways and lungs
Renal physiology
functions of the kidneys
Exercise physiology
Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity
Pathophysiology
functional changes associated with disease and aging
Levels of structural organization (6)
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal levels
Systems of the body (11)
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, nervous, endocrine, reproductive
Systems work together to
maintain health, provide protection from diseases, allow for reproduction
Living organisms distinguish themselves from non-living things because they carry the _______
basic life processes
Basic life processes (6)
metabolism (cata/ana), responsiveness/irritability, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
Metabolism
the sum of all the physical and chemical processes that keep the organism alive
Catabolism
breaking down of large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones
Anabolism
building of the body’s structural and functional components using energy and the components obtained by catabolism
Responsiveness/irritability
the reaction of the organism to a change in the internal or external environment
Growth
increase in size keeping the original shape
Differentiation
development of stem (precursor) cells into specialized cells
Homeostasis
the tendency to maintain the body’s internal environment within certain physiological limits. a dynamic process, depends on the precise regulation of the composition of the body fluids inside or outside the cell
Body fluids
ICF- intracellular fluid
ECF- extracellular fluid
OTher: cerebrospinal, synovial, aqueous humor, vitreous body
A feedback system is a
cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is continually monitored
Basic feedback loop
Receptor, control center, effector
Positive feedback
system continually reinforces a change in a controlled condition
(reinforces conditions that do not happen often)
Negative feedback
slows and stops the change, returning the controlled condition to its normal state
(regulated fairly stable conditions in the body over long periods)
Disorder
any body abnormality of structure or function
Disease
illness characterized by recognizable sets of signs and symptoms
Symptom
abnormality noted by the patient, not apparent to the observer (a subjective change)
Sign
abnormality noted and measures by another observer (objective change)
Epidemiology
studies why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community
Pharmacology
studies the effect and uses of drugs to treat diseases
Head consists of two parts
face (facial), skull (cranial)
The trunk
chest, abdomen, pelvis, back
Terms related to trunk (anterior)
sternal, mammary, umbilical, pubic
Terms related to the trunk (posterior)
scapular, vertebral, lumbar
Upper extremity consists of
shoulder, arm, forearm, hand
Lower extremity consists of
buttock, thigh, leg, foot
Perineal region
between buttocks and thighs, includes urigenital triangle, anal triangle
Two portions of the body
axial, appendicular
Axial portion of the body
composed of the head, neck, trunk
Appendicular portion
formed by the upper extremities and the lower extremities
Dorsal cavity
cranial cavity, vertebral canal
Ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
Brain is protected by three layers of membranes called
meninges
Thoracic cavity formed by the
ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae, muscles
Thoracic cavity contains
pleural cavities, mediastinum
The heart is within a cavity called
pericardial cavity
