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Ortho Part A > Class 1 > Flashcards

Class 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Adolescence

A

Period between juvenile and adulthood

Fertility is attained

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2
Q

Sex hormones ____ lymphoid tissue

A

Shrinks

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3
Q

Endochondral growth and sex hormones

A

Stimulate cartilage growth

And an even greater increase in transformation of cartilage to bone

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4
Q

Female growth spurt

A

1.5 to 2 years earlier in females than males

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5
Q

Female growth spurt begins around

A

10

Ends 3 years later

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6
Q

Male growth spurt begins

A

Begins 12.5

Ends up to 5 years later

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7
Q

Male grows bigger because

A

Slower to start and longer

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8
Q

Chronologic age is

A

No indication of where an individual is developmentally

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9
Q

Growth height correlates with

A

Jaw growth

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10
Q

Females growth spurt ends with

A

Menarche

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11
Q

Cervical Verterbeal Maturation Stage

A

vertebra become more rectangular

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12
Q

Serial Radiographs

A

Superimposition to monitor growth

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13
Q

Mandibular growth reflects….

A

General growth curve

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14
Q

Maxillary growth most resembles

A

Neural growth curve

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15
Q

Facial growth is _____growth

A

Differential

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16
Q

Differential jaw growth

A

Mandible goes more and longer

Mandible more prominent

Profile becomes less convex

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17
Q

Width stops before ______ before ______

A

Length

Height

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18
Q

Width stops before

A

Growth spurt except alveolar arches widen in the area of molar eruption

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19
Q

Length and height increase through

A

Puberty

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20
Q

Height of face grows longer than

A

Length dues to vertical growth of mandible

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21
Q

Leeway space

A

Difference in mesial distal width between primary canines/molars and permanent canine/premolars

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22
Q

Permanent molars move

A

Into leeway space

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23
Q

If anterior crowding is present send to orthodontist before

A

Primary 2nd molars exfoliate

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24
Q

E-space

A

Difference in mesial distal width between primary 2nd molars and permanent 2nd premolars

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25
Q

Primary molar occlusion

A

Mesial step
Flush
Distal step

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26
Q

Mesial step usually becomes

A

Class I

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27
Q

Flush terminal and still step usually become

A

Class II

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28
Q

Late Mesial shift

A

Mandibular molars greater movement

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29
Q

Prevalence of Class II _____ with age

A

Decreases

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30
Q

Permanent incisors lie _____ to primary incisors

A

Lingual

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31
Q

Permanent incisors are _______ wider than primary

A

2-3.5 mm

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32
Q

Eruption of lateral incisors force mandibular canines

A

distally into primate space

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33
Q

Permanent maxillary incisors erupt

A

Labial

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34
Q

Developmental spaces

A

Spaces between incisors

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35
Q

Primate spaces

A

Spaces between canines

Mesial of maxillary canine

Distal of mandibular canine

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36
Q

Canine erupt

A

Buccally

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37
Q

Incisor replacement 4 things

A

Spacing
Labial eruption
Increase in arch
Distal repositioning

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38
Q

Central diastema closes with

A

Eruption of lateral incisors

If not will close with canines

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39
Q

The mandible grows

A

Downward and forward

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40
Q

The mandible ______ and ______ via _____ and ____

A

Grows and envelopes translation and remodeling

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41
Q

Three dimensional Imaging

A

CAT Scans
Cone Beam CT
MRI

42
Q

Interestitial

A

Insides the tissues

Growth that occurs by a combination of hyperplasia hypertorphy and secretion of ECM

43
Q

Interstitial growth occurs at

A

All points within the tissue

44
Q

Cranial base is a form of ___growth

A

Interstitial

45
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Proliferation cells

46
Q

Hypertorphy

A

Increase in cell siE

47
Q

If ECM is not mineralized

A

Interstitial growth may continue in soft tissues and cartilages

48
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Growth that occurs by a combination of hyperplasia hypertorphy and secretion of ECM

Occurs ONLY at the surface of bones

49
Q

Appositional growth occurs though activity of

A

Cells in the periosteum

50
Q

Cranial vault, maxilla, and mandible examples of ____growth

A

Appositional

51
Q

______ can grow interstitially but _____ cant

A

Cartilage

Bone

52
Q

Once cartilage is transformed into bone it cones to grow but only by

A

apposition

53
Q

Endochondral bone

A

Bone within cartilage

Ossification centers within cartilage

54
Q

Chondrocranium

A

Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Basioociptal bones

55
Q

Chondocranium and epiphyseal plate _______ growth

A

Endochondral ossification

56
Q

Intramembranous

A

Secretion of bone matrix within and between connective tissue

57
Q

______ no intermediate formation of cartilage or replacement of cartilage

A

Intramembranous

58
Q

Desmocranium

A

Cranial vault maxilla and mandible

59
Q

Desmocranium _____ ossification

A

Intramembranous

60
Q

The mandible forms by intramembranous bone formation just lateral to ______

A

Meckels cartilage

61
Q

Remanent of meckels cartilage

A

Sphenomandibular ligament

62
Q

Condylar cartilage

A

Does not form from meckels cartilage

Develops from independent secondary cartilage fuses with mandibular Ramus

63
Q

Surface Modeling

A

Change in shape of bones

The result of bone in one area and bone addition in another

64
Q

_____ occurs at the surface of growing endochondral and intramembranous bones

A

Surface modeling

65
Q

Internal Remdoleing

A

Vascular channels within bones bring osteocytes to the area

Allows the bone to adapt to mechanical stress

66
Q

_________ does not age bone grow or change shape

A

Internal remodeling

67
Q

Internal remodeling allows

A

Exchange of calcium and phosphate

Adapt to mechanical stress

68
Q

Cranial Vault

A

Flat bone formed from intramembranous formation a from ossification centers

No cartilaginous precursors

Predictable activity results in bone modeling both at sutures and at inner and outer surfaces

69
Q

2 types of growth at cranial vault

A

Intramembranous

Bone remodeling

70
Q

Cranial sutures and Fontanelles lined by

A

Periosteum

71
Q

Bones of the base of the skull formed by

A

Endochondral ossification

72
Q

Synchondroses of the cranial base

A

Cartilaginous joints between the bones of the cranial base

Immovable joints

73
Q

Most important synchondrosis

A

Spheno-ethmoidal, inter-sphenoidal, spheno-occipital

74
Q

_____ growth occurs within synchondroses

A

Endochondral

75
Q

Growth at synchondroses ______ the area of the ______

A

Lengthens

Cranial base

76
Q

Suture

A

Junction between adjacent bone

Connective tissue**

Appositional ossification

77
Q

The nasomaxillary complex is formed by____ and growth is done by

A

Intramembranous ossification with no cartilaginous precursors

Appositional and surface modeling

78
Q

Translation of maxilla

A

Downward and forward until 6-7

79
Q

Translation of maxilla is due to

A

Growth of nasal cartilage

80
Q

Maxilla surface remodeling occurs

A

Anterior is resorbed

Appositional of bone occurs at the maxillary tuberosity

81
Q

The palate moves _______ and widens _______ because bone is resorbed in the floor of the_____ and apposition occurs at ____

A

Downward
Widens transversely

Nose
Palate alveolar process

82
Q

What part of the mandible grows by endochondral growth

A

The condyle

83
Q

Body of the mandible grows

A

Longer

84
Q

Ramus of the mandible grows

A

Higher

85
Q

Site of growths

A

A location at which growth occurs

86
Q

Center of growth

A

A location at which independent growth occurs

87
Q

All centers of growth are also

A

Growth sites but the reverse is not true

88
Q

Suture theory

A

All tissues that form bone have intrinsic potential to do so

Growth centers are locations of genetically controlled growth independent from environment

INclused sutures periosteum synchondroses and mandibular condyles

89
Q

Suture theory evidence

A

Does NOT support this theory

90
Q

Sutures and periosteum ARE _______

Sutures ____ rather than acting independently

A

Growth sites

React

91
Q

Cartilage theory

A

All cartilage are growth centers

92
Q

Cartilage theory evidence

A

PARTLY supports this theory

Transplanter cartilage from synchondroses and nasal septum is capable of growth

Transplanted cartilage from mandibular condyles shows significantly less growth

Synchondroses and nasal septum act as growth centers but condyles don’t

93
Q

Functional Matrix theory

A

Heredity and genes play NO role in growth of craniofacial skeleton

Growth of the face occurs in response to functional needs mediated by soft tissues in which the bones are embedded

All tissues that form bone are merely growth sites

94
Q

Functional Matrix theory: Mandibular Ankylosis

A

Occurs as a result of infection or trauma in TMJ area

Mechanical restriction due to scarring prevents growth of mandible

95
Q

Functional Matrix Theory: clinical application

A

Rapid maxillary expansions

Distraction osteogenesis

96
Q

Function matrix theory Evidence

A

Partial veracity

It is not clear how functional needs are transmitted

Genes have been shown to be involved

97
Q

Growth of cranium is a response to

A

Growth of brain

Sutures +periosteum = growth sites

98
Q

Growth of cranial base is a result of

A

Of endochonral growth at synchondroses

Growth centers

99
Q

Growth of the maxilla is primarily a result of

A

Apposition and model oaks the bone is translated by soft tissues

Sutures + periosteum = growth sites

100
Q

Growth of maxilla may result from endochondral growth at

A

Nasal septum cartilage

101
Q

Growth of the mandible occurs by

A

Endochondral growth at condyle and surface modeling as the bone is translated by soft tissues

Condyle + periosteum = growth sites

Ortho Part A (5 decks)

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