Class 1 Flashcards
Explain what and where the pubic crest, tubercle, symphisis and sacroiliac joint are?
Symphisis = Fibrocartilaginous joint between two pubis' Tubercle = Tubercle lateral to the pubic symphisis that attaches to the inguinal ligament Crest = crest medial to the pubic tubercle extending to the medial end of the pubic bone (i.e. the symphisis)
What lines divide the abdomen into its 4 and 6 quadrants?
4:
- Medial Sagittal line vertically
- Transumbilical line Horizontally
6:
- Right & left midclavicular vertically
- Transtuberculer horizontally (through iliac tubercles and body of L5)
- Transpyloric horizontally (midpoint of pubic symphisis and jugular notch)
Name the 9 sections of the abdomen?
Right and left hypochondriac + Epigastric
Right & Left Lumbar + Umbilical
Right & Left Iliac + Hypogastric
Whats the action and innervation of the external oblique muscle?
Anterior Rami T7-T11 & Subcostal Nerve (T12).
Flex/rotate the trunk
Compress & Support the abdominal organs
Whats the action/innervation of the internal oblique
Anterior rami of T7-11 + subcostal nerve (T12) AND the L1.
Flexes & Rotates the trunk
Compress & Support the abdominal organs
Whats the action and innervation of the transversus abdominus?
Compresses and supports the abdominal viscera
Innervated by the anterior rami T7-11, subcostal nerve (T12) and L1.
Whats the function & innervation of the rectus abdominis?
Flexes trunk
Compresses the abdominal viscera
Stabilizes the pelvic tilt
Anterior rami of T7-L1
What changes about the abdominal wall muscles around the level of the umbilicus?
Below the umbilicus the rectus abdominis is the deepest muscle layer
Above it the transversus thoracis runs behind the rectus abdomins instead of in front
Whats the function of the rectus abdominis?
Flexion of the trunk
Define the rectus sheath?
An aponeurosis of the transeversus abdominis and oblique muscles that sheaths the rectus abdominis so it can contract without sticking to the other perppendicular abdominal muscles.
Define an aponeurosis?
Sheet of fibrous tissue substituting a tendon in flat muscles.
What level is the umbilicus at?
Vertebral L4
Dermatome T10
What thoracic spinal segments innervate the anterior abdominal wall?
Anterior rami of T7->T12:
- T7-11 are the thoraco-abdominal nerves
- T12 is the subcostal
What is the inguinal ligament attached to?
Anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle
What makes up the borders of the inguinal canal?
Anterior = Aponeurosis of ext. oblique
Posterior = Transversus Fascia
Roof = Muscular Aponeurotic arches of int. oblique & transversus abdominus
Floor = Inguinal ligament
Where are the openings of the inguinal canal?
Deep inguinal ring 1/2 way from iliac spine to pubic tubercle
Superficial Inguinal Ring 1/3 way from tubercle to spine (1cm above and superolateral)
How does the deep inguinal ring relate to the inferior epigastric vessels (and what are they)?
Ring is superior and lateral to the IEVs
Arises from external iliac and supplies abdominal wall
What do the Inferior and Superior epigastric vessels arise from and where do they anastomose?
Superiorly = Internal thoracic
Inferiorly = External Iliac
Visibly just under the rectus abdominis above the umbilicus
What are the contents of the inguinal canal?
Men - Spermatic cord
Women - Round ligament of uterus
Both - Blood, lymphatics, ilioinguinal nerve, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve.
What are the two types of inguinal hernias?
Direct - Abdominal contents push through weak spot in muscles making up the posterior wall of the canal
Indirect - Abdominal contents push a congenital weakness in the deep inguinal ring into the inguinal canal
They can both pass through the canal and out the superfcial ring
Where do femoral hernias occur?
Below the inguinal ligament, abdominal contents pass through a weak area in the posterior wall of the femoral canal
Where do umbilical hernias occur?
Through a weakness at the site of passage of the umbilical cord through the abdominal wall.
Congenital abnormal fibres at the linea alba may also contribute to a weakness of the wall.
What are the 4 functions of the GI mucosa?
Protective - Oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus & anal canal
Secretory - Stomach
Absorptive - Entire small intestine
Absorptive/protective - Large intestine
