Class 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain what and where the pubic crest, tubercle, symphisis and sacroiliac joint are?

A
Symphisis = Fibrocartilaginous joint between two pubis'
Tubercle = Tubercle lateral to the pubic symphisis that attaches to the inguinal ligament
Crest = crest medial to the pubic tubercle extending to the medial end of the pubic bone (i.e. the symphisis)
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2
Q

What lines divide the abdomen into its 4 and 6 quadrants?

A

4:

  • Medial Sagittal line vertically
  • Transumbilical line Horizontally

6:

  • Right & left midclavicular vertically
  • Transtuberculer horizontally (through iliac tubercles and body of L5)
  • Transpyloric horizontally (midpoint of pubic symphisis and jugular notch)
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3
Q

Name the 9 sections of the abdomen?

A

Right and left hypochondriac + Epigastric

Right & Left Lumbar + Umbilical

Right & Left Iliac + Hypogastric

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4
Q

Whats the action and innervation of the external oblique muscle?

A

Anterior Rami T7-T11 & Subcostal Nerve (T12).

Flex/rotate the trunk
Compress & Support the abdominal organs

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5
Q

Whats the action/innervation of the internal oblique

A

Anterior rami of T7-11 + subcostal nerve (T12) AND the L1.

Flexes & Rotates the trunk
Compress & Support the abdominal organs

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6
Q

Whats the action and innervation of the transversus abdominus?

A

Compresses and supports the abdominal viscera

Innervated by the anterior rami T7-11, subcostal nerve (T12) and L1.

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7
Q

Whats the function & innervation of the rectus abdominis?

A

Flexes trunk
Compresses the abdominal viscera
Stabilizes the pelvic tilt

Anterior rami of T7-L1

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8
Q

What changes about the abdominal wall muscles around the level of the umbilicus?

A

Below the umbilicus the rectus abdominis is the deepest muscle layer

Above it the transversus thoracis runs behind the rectus abdomins instead of in front

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9
Q

Whats the function of the rectus abdominis?

A

Flexion of the trunk

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10
Q

Define the rectus sheath?

A

An aponeurosis of the transeversus abdominis and oblique muscles that sheaths the rectus abdominis so it can contract without sticking to the other perppendicular abdominal muscles.

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11
Q

Define an aponeurosis?

A

Sheet of fibrous tissue substituting a tendon in flat muscles.

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12
Q

What level is the umbilicus at?

A

Vertebral L4

Dermatome T10

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13
Q

What thoracic spinal segments innervate the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Anterior rami of T7->T12:

  • T7-11 are the thoraco-abdominal nerves
  • T12 is the subcostal
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14
Q

What is the inguinal ligament attached to?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle

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15
Q

What makes up the borders of the inguinal canal?

A

Anterior = Aponeurosis of ext. oblique

Posterior = Transversus Fascia

Roof = Muscular Aponeurotic arches of int. oblique & transversus abdominus

Floor = Inguinal ligament

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16
Q

Where are the openings of the inguinal canal?

A

Deep inguinal ring 1/2 way from iliac spine to pubic tubercle

Superficial Inguinal Ring 1/3 way from tubercle to spine (1cm above and superolateral)

17
Q

How does the deep inguinal ring relate to the inferior epigastric vessels (and what are they)?

A

Ring is superior and lateral to the IEVs

Arises from external iliac and supplies abdominal wall

18
Q

What do the Inferior and Superior epigastric vessels arise from and where do they anastomose?

A

Superiorly = Internal thoracic
Inferiorly = External Iliac
Visibly just under the rectus abdominis above the umbilicus

19
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal?

A

Men - Spermatic cord
Women - Round ligament of uterus

Both - Blood, lymphatics, ilioinguinal nerve, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve.

20
Q

What are the two types of inguinal hernias?

A

Direct - Abdominal contents push through weak spot in muscles making up the posterior wall of the canal

Indirect - Abdominal contents push a congenital weakness in the deep inguinal ring into the inguinal canal

They can both pass through the canal and out the superfcial ring

21
Q

Where do femoral hernias occur?

A

Below the inguinal ligament, abdominal contents pass through a weak area in the posterior wall of the femoral canal

22
Q

Where do umbilical hernias occur?

A

Through a weakness at the site of passage of the umbilical cord through the abdominal wall.
Congenital abnormal fibres at the linea alba may also contribute to a weakness of the wall.

23
Q

What are the 4 functions of the GI mucosa?

A

Protective - Oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus & anal canal
Secretory - Stomach
Absorptive - Entire small intestine
Absorptive/protective - Large intestine