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Biology of Cancer > Class 1 > Flashcards

Class 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hallmarks of Cancer

A

IPAD

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2
Q

How does cancer develop?

A

Through gradual changes in cell morphology and properties

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3
Q

abnormal growth of solid tissues

A

tumor

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4
Q

an aberration of normal development

A

cancer

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5
Q

Cancer cells exhibit behaviors found in _____ during development and differentiation

A

normal cells

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6
Q

Cancer cells behave independently and do not obey _____

A

controls

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7
Q

When given the appropriate signal…

A

normal cells divide when necessary
as part of a development program
To heal a wound to rpelace cells to fight infection

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8
Q

cancer cells divide___

A

inappropriately

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9
Q

Cancer cells have __ growth signals and ____ an inhibitory signal

A

switch on

switched off

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10
Q

apoptosis

A

cell death

when cells become dangerous ex. dna damage

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11
Q

cancer cells escape _____

A

apoptosis

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12
Q

Most normal cells have a ___ potential to divide

A

Limited

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13
Q

Normal stem cells can divide _____ but under tight control

A

indefinitely

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14
Q

Just like stem cells, cancer cells are ______ but w/ out control

A

immortalized

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15
Q

cancer cells ___ differentiate

A

do not

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16
Q

True or False

Cancer cells are invasive

A

True

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17
Q

Normal cells can be ___ at the right time and place

A

invasive

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18
Q

4 major properties of cancer cells

A
  1. ) Immortalized
  2. ) Do not form differentiated tissues
  3. ) escape apoptosis
  4. ) invasive
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19
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

traits, characteristics

eg. morphology (shape/structure), biochemistry/metabolism, behavior/movement

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20
Q

cancer cell phenotypes

A

rapidly dividing, escapes apoptosis, immortal, invasive, hiding from immune system, deregulated genetics

21
Q

What drives a phenotype?

A

Proteins, some RNAs

22
Q

proteins that drive phenotype

-shape/structure

A
  • -cytoskeleton

- - extracellular matrix

23
Q

proteins that drive phenotype

-metabolism

A

enzymes

24
Q

proteins that drive phenotype

-cell movement

A

motility

25
Q

proteins that drive phenotype

signals within and between cells -

A

intra/intercellular signal transduction

26
Q

pathway in which cancer cells get its phenotype

A

DNA–> RNA–> Protein

27
Q

post-translational modifications protein can undergo

A
  • glycoylation
  • phosphorylation
  • acetylation
  • activation/cleavage
28
Q

true or false

genes cannot alternatively be spliced

A

false

29
Q

how do genomes acquire distinct phenotypes?

A

selective reading of genome

ex. differentiation

30
Q

differences in gene expression patterns

A

differentiation

31
Q

True or false
If gene expression patterns control differentiation, each differentiated cell must have a distinct set of genes that are expressed or suppressed. This produces a set of proteins that collaborate to create that specific cell phenotype

A

True

32
Q

What can gene expression arrays do?

A

survey 1000s of genes within a given cell type and can express molecular targets/mutations that be associated with the disease

33
Q

True or false

Genetic information is corruptible

A

True

34
Q

_____ can create new or different alleles

A

Mutations

35
Q

the allele present in the majority of individuals – associated with normal function

A

WIld-type allele

36
Q

over time, “disadvantageous” alleles are lost from the ____, due to natural selection

A

gene pool

37
Q

Mutations are random, so most are _____ (don’t affect phenotype

A

neutral

38
Q

Functionally silent differences in DNA sequence between individuals

A

genetic polymorphism

39
Q

Ways in which mutations can alter chromosomes

A
  • loss
  • gain
  • fusion
40
Q

Normal chromosomes are called

A

Euploid

41
Q

abnormal chromosomes are called

A

aneuploid

42
Q

Mutation in sperm or egg (or precursors)

–Passed on to offspring

A

Germline mutation

ex. inherit cancer gene from parent

43
Q

-Not transmitted to offspring
–Passed on to all descendent cells (clones)
–Some failure of repair mechanism

A

Somatic mutation

ex. DNA mutation from carcinogen

44
Q

What controls gene expression?

A
  • promoters
  • enhancers
  • transcription factors
45
Q

What do transcription factors do?

A
  • coordinated expression
  • bind DNA in control regions of genes
  • determine transcription
46
Q

expression of multiple genes in a cell depends on multiple TFs acting in combination

A

Gene expression program

47
Q

True or false

many genes may not share an enhancer region

A

false

48
Q

Pleiotropy

A

when a single transcription factor can affect expression of

Biology of Cancer (5 decks)

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