Class 1 Flashcards
Hallmarks of Cancer
IPAD
How does cancer develop?
Through gradual changes in cell morphology and properties
abnormal growth of solid tissues
tumor
an aberration of normal development
cancer
Cancer cells exhibit behaviors found in _____ during development and differentiation
normal cells
Cancer cells behave independently and do not obey _____
controls
When given the appropriate signal…
normal cells divide when necessary
as part of a development program
To heal a wound to rpelace cells to fight infection
cancer cells divide___
inappropriately
Cancer cells have __ growth signals and ____ an inhibitory signal
switch on
switched off
apoptosis
cell death
when cells become dangerous ex. dna damage
cancer cells escape _____
apoptosis
Most normal cells have a ___ potential to divide
Limited
Normal stem cells can divide _____ but under tight control
indefinitely
Just like stem cells, cancer cells are ______ but w/ out control
immortalized
cancer cells ___ differentiate
do not
True or False
Cancer cells are invasive
True
Normal cells can be ___ at the right time and place
invasive
4 major properties of cancer cells
- ) Immortalized
- ) Do not form differentiated tissues
- ) escape apoptosis
- ) invasive
what is a phenotype?
traits, characteristics
eg. morphology (shape/structure), biochemistry/metabolism, behavior/movement
cancer cell phenotypes
rapidly dividing, escapes apoptosis, immortal, invasive, hiding from immune system, deregulated genetics
What drives a phenotype?
Proteins, some RNAs
proteins that drive phenotype
-shape/structure
- -cytoskeleton
- - extracellular matrix
proteins that drive phenotype
-metabolism
enzymes
proteins that drive phenotype
-cell movement
motility
proteins that drive phenotype
signals within and between cells -
intra/intercellular signal transduction
pathway in which cancer cells get its phenotype
DNA–> RNA–> Protein
post-translational modifications protein can undergo
- glycoylation
- phosphorylation
- acetylation
- activation/cleavage
true or false
genes cannot alternatively be spliced
false
how do genomes acquire distinct phenotypes?
selective reading of genome
ex. differentiation
differences in gene expression patterns
differentiation
True or false
If gene expression patterns control differentiation, each differentiated cell must have a distinct set of genes that are expressed or suppressed. This produces a set of proteins that collaborate to create that specific cell phenotype
True
What can gene expression arrays do?
survey 1000s of genes within a given cell type and can express molecular targets/mutations that be associated with the disease
True or false
Genetic information is corruptible
True
_____ can create new or different alleles
Mutations
the allele present in the majority of individuals – associated with normal function
WIld-type allele
over time, “disadvantageous” alleles are lost from the ____, due to natural selection
gene pool
Mutations are random, so most are _____ (don’t affect phenotype
neutral
Functionally silent differences in DNA sequence between individuals
genetic polymorphism
Ways in which mutations can alter chromosomes
- loss
- gain
- fusion
Normal chromosomes are called
Euploid
abnormal chromosomes are called
aneuploid
Mutation in sperm or egg (or precursors)
–Passed on to offspring
Germline mutation
ex. inherit cancer gene from parent
-Not transmitted to offspring
–Passed on to all descendent cells (clones)
–Some failure of repair mechanism
Somatic mutation
ex. DNA mutation from carcinogen
What controls gene expression?
- promoters
- enhancers
- transcription factors
What do transcription factors do?
- coordinated expression
- bind DNA in control regions of genes
- determine transcription
expression of multiple genes in a cell depends on multiple TFs acting in combination
Gene expression program
True or false
many genes may not share an enhancer region
false
Pleiotropy
when a single transcription factor can affect expression of
