Clash of Ideologies Flashcards
Franklin Roosevelt
American president 1933 - 1945. Met at Yalta.
Harry Truman
American president 1945 - 1948. Met at Potsdam.
John Kennedy
American president 1961 - 1963. President at the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis, solved by withdrawing missiles from Turkey, and promising not to invade Cuba.
Richard Nixon
American president 1969 - 1974. Ended American involvement in Vietnam.
Ronald Reagan
American president 1981 - 1989. Worsened/prolongued the cold-war.
Joseph Stalin
Leader of the USSR from 1924 - 1953. Stalinization. Lover of communism.
Nikita Khrushchev
The leader of the USSR after Stalin died. Took over and created liberal reforms leading to a detente of peaceful co-existence.
Greater individual liberty, reduction of the secret police, general liberalization of government, freedom in the intellectual and artistic community.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Soviet leader from 1985 - 1991. Finished the Cold-War by abolishing the USSR.
Winston Churchill
British PM. Met at Yalta and Potsdam. Coined the term Iron Curtain.
Fidel Castro
Socialist leader of Cuba.
Took over from Batista.
Backed by the Soviets.
Afghanistan Invasion (1979)
Soviet Union invaded, the US equipped with arms in a covert operation.
Bay of Pigs
An attack on Cuban soil was perpetrated by Cuban exiles trained and supported by the US military.
Didn’t work.
Berlin Blockade
Put up by East Berlin (Stalin), people were not allowed to travel between the walls; cutting off West Berlin from all resources of East Germany.
Soviet: Protection against Western aggression.
West: Prevent the flow of East Berliners to West Berlin: where there would be NATO protection and economic opportunities.
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Announced by East Berlin.
Symbolizes the end of the Cold-War.
Brezhnev Doctrine
1968
Soviet foreign policy that claimed any threat to socialist rule in any state of the Soviet bloc was a threat to them all and justified intervention.
Cuban Missile Crisis
US supported dictator overthrown by socialist Castro. Bay of Pigs invasion failed and solidified distrust.
Embargo on Cuba and Soviet support leads to building of missiles in Cuba.
Diplomatic breakthroughs lead to a detente.
Missiles withdrawn from Cuba and Turkey
Hungarian Revolution
1956
Steps taken toward a democratic government were suppressed by the Soviets.
Sent a message about the rejection of communism in the Soviet sphere of influence.
Korean War
Divided into 2 zones, hotbed for US and USSR.
Marshall Plan
1947-1952
$13 billion to all European countries.
Conditions: Economic assessment; participation of unified Europe.
Rejected by Soviets and Satelite states.
McCarthyism
A device of heightened American paranoia and fear of communism.
Accusing officials of being pro-communist.
Molotov Plan
Soviet response to Marshall Plan.
Offered to socialist eastern European countries.
Bi-lateral trade agreements.
Peaceful Coexistence
Period of time when Stalin died and Nikita Khrushchev took over.
Potsdam
Meeting in Germany with the big three to discuss reparations and German restructuring. The three warned Japan and called for a Japanese surrender; but the US did not inform the USSR about their plans to bomb Japan.
Prague Spring
1968
Reforms of democratic government were reversed by the invasion by Warsaw countries.
SALT I
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
Moment of detente.
Truman Doctrine
US provides political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from internal or external authoritarian forces.
Expansionism framed in the form of countries gaining freedom.
Vietnam War
Divided into 2 zones, hotbed for US and USSR.
Yalta
Meeting in the USSR between the “Big Three” to help Germany and the Satelite states establish peace, self-governance, and government according to the peoples wants.
Differing agendas of communist and democratic countries emerge.
Brinkmanship
The attempt to push a dangerous situation as far as possible without conceding anything to your opponent.
Pursuing dangerous policy to the limits of safety.
Coercion
The practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats.
Cold War
State of political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare.
Containment
Attempt to thwart another country’s expansionism through means other than warfare.
Detente
Reduced tensions from the mid-1960s to 1979.
Deterrence
The building up of one’s capacity to fight because of the expected outcomes.
Domino Theory
Cold war policy that suggested a communist government in one nation would quickly lead to communist takeovers in neighbouring states. Each like a row of dominos.
Expansionism
The attempt to enlarge territorial and ideological influence beyond a country’s borders and allies.
Hot War
Direct conflict.
Iron Curtain
Term coined by Winston Churchill used to describe the line in Europe between self-governing countries of the west and communism in the east.
American: barrier containing those oppressed by communism.
Soviet: Protective measure against capitalism and potential expansion of fascism.
Liberalism: Economic
Support of individualism and market economies.
Liberalism: Political
Rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality.
Liberation Movement
When a country rebels against a country that colonized it or otherize oppressed it.
Mutually Assured Destruction
The threat and build-up of a nuclear war would cause the destruction of the attacker and the defender.
Weapons of Mass Destruction.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Military alliance designed to defend member countries against attack from the Soviet Union and its allies.
Nonalignment
The movement started by Josip Tito in Yugoslavia - was made possible because it did not share a border with the USSR.
Bandung conference: developing countries against choosing a side, against colonialism, and declaring neutrality.
NORAD
North American Aerospace Defence Command.
US and Canada combined air defence system along Canada’s northern shores to give early warning to the US of incoming Soviet missiles.
Proxy War
Conflicts in which one superpower might fight in another country or provide support to a group that opposes the rival superpower.
Satellite States
A state that is formally independent but is dominated by another more powerful state.
Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary, and East Germany.
Self-Determination
The legal right of people to decide their own destiny in the international order.
Stalinization
“Proletarian internationalism”
World-wide communism - process of adopting policies and practices of Stalin. (forceful or not)
Subjugating
To bring under domination or control, especially by conquest.
Warsaw Pact
Soviet-influenced countries aligned militantly.
