claims and validity

Question 1

what are the 3 claims?

Answer 1

frequency
association
causal

Question 2

frequency claim

Answer 2

describes a particular rate or level of a single variable

Question 3

association claim

Answer 3

claim about 2 variables, in which the level of one variable is said to vary systematically with the level of another- when one variable changes, the other tends to change too

Question 4

Causal claim

Answer 4

argues that a specific change in one variable is responsible for influencing the level of another variable

Question 5

which type of claim would use this phrase?

is at higher risk for

Answer 5

association

Question 6

which type of claim would use this phrase?

are more/less likely

Answer 6

association

Question 7

which type of claim would use this phrase?

may predict

Answer 7

association

Question 8

what are the 4 validities

Answer 8

construct
external
statistical
internal

Question 9

construct validity

Answer 9

How well the variables in the study are measured or manipulated
Are the operational variables a good approximation of the constructs of interest?

Question 10

external validity

Answer 10

The degree to which the results of the study generalise to some larger population, as well as other times and situations

Question 11

statistical validity

Answer 11

The extent to which the data support the conclusions, including:

• Statistical association
• Statistical significance

Question 12

internal validity

Answer 12

The degree to which we can say that a variable is directly responsible for some other one (rather than another variable being responsible for it)

Question 13

what are the 3 rules for causation (describe them)

Answer 13

1) Covariance- the proposed causal variable must vary systematically with changes in the proposed outcome variable
2) Temporal precedence- proposed causal variable comes first in time, before the proposed outcome variable
3) Internal validity- we must be able to rule out alternative explanations for a causal relationship between 2 variables.

Question 14

random assignment vs random sampling?

Answer 14

Sampling: drawing a sample using some random method. Ensures that each member of the population has an equal chance of being in the sample. Ensures external validity.
Assignment- using a random method to assign participants into different groups. Ensures that the comparison and treatment groups have the same kinds of people in them on avg. enhances internal validity

Question 15

what validity is most important for a frequency claim?

Answer 15

external

Question 16

what validity is most important for a association claim?

Answer 16

statistical

Question 17

what validity is most important for a causal claim?

Answer 17

internal