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A-level English Language > CLA > Flashcards

CLA Flashcards

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1
Q

How old are babies when they understand different tones of voice and certain words?

A

6 months

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2
Q

How many words are they saying by 3 years?

A

10 word complex sentences and an average of 20,000 to 30,000 words a day

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3
Q

By when do children discovers that different screams get different responses from parent?

A

8 weeks

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4
Q

Who did the Burp study?

A

Snow

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5
Q

When was the Burp study?

A

1977

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6
Q

What study did Snow do?

A

Burp

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7
Q

Who proved babies are acclimatised to the sound of their native language before birth?

A

Mehler

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8
Q

When did Mehler conduct his experiment?

A

1988

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9
Q

What did Mehler prove in his experiment?

A

That babies as young as 4 days were able to distinguish their native language

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10
Q

Children all around the _____ pass through ______ _____, suggesting child language acquisition is ______

A

world
similar stages
universal

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11
Q

First 3 stages:

A

Crying, Cooing, Babbling

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12
Q

Crying is a form of _________

A

expression

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13
Q

Time frame of cooing:

A

6-8 weeks

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14
Q

Time frame of babbling:

A

6-9 months

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15
Q

What stage, from 6-9 months, resemble adult language?

A

Babbling

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16
Q

What are small repeated syllables called?

A

Repeated monosyllables

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17
Q

What are repeated monosyllables?

A

Small repeated syllables

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18
Q

Time period of vocal play/scribbling:

A

20-50 weeks

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19
Q

Who came up with vocal play/scribbling?

A

David Crystal

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20
Q

What is phonemic expansion?

A

When babies develop words and sounds using vocal cords

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21
Q

What is phonemic contraction?

A

When babies stop using sounds that are not used in their language

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22
Q

During what stage does the number of different phenomes used initially increase?

A

Babbling stage

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23
Q

When does a phonemic contraction occur?

A

Around 9-10 months

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24
Q

Why does phonemic contraction occur?

A

Because certain sounds aren’t used in different native tongues

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25
Q

The __________ __ ___________ resemble speech

A

Patterns of Intonation

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26
Q

How do babies use pragmatics?

A

Gestures and body language

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27
Q

Who discovered the Melodic Utterance Stage?

A

David Crystal

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28
Q

What is the Melodic Utterance Stage?

A

When the child is reflecting the melody, rhythm and intonation of their mother tongue. Will sound as if talking despite lack of actual words.

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29
Q

When does holophrastic stage occur?

A

12 to 18 months

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30
Q

Why are holophrases important?

A

Because one word conveys many meanings

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31
Q

How much is usually the productive vocabulary?

A

50

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32
Q

The productive vocabulary uses words in …

A

… a variety of meanings, semantic events

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33
Q

During the holophrastic stage, how many words will a child understand?

A

5 times as more words as they can say

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34
Q

How do children have to be creative with their productive vocabulary?

A

They have to convey many different meanings from one word

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35
Q

When was productive vocab categorised?

A

1973

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36
Q

Who categorised productive vocab?

A

Nelson

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37
Q

What did Nelson do?

A

Categorise productive vocab

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38
Q

When did Nelson do his work?

A

1973

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39
Q

How many categories are there for the productive vocab?

A

4

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40
Q

What are Nelson’s different categories?

A

Naming, Action, Social, Modifying

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41
Q

How much of the productive vocab are nouns?

A

60% of the 50

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42
Q

What role does the environment play on the productive vocabulary?

A

It can affect which words that are learnt by child

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43
Q

Who wrote a group of words that are commonly spoken by children in their productive vocab in 2010?

A

Saxton

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44
Q

When did Saxton write a list of common words?

A

2010

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45
Q

Who wrote about the forms of overextension?

A

Rescorla

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46
Q

When was overextension introduced?

A

1980s

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47
Q

How many forms of overextensions are there?

A

3

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48
Q

What did Rescorla do?

A

Write about the different forms of extension

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49
Q

What is overextension?

A

A creative way children label things

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50
Q

What is underextension?

A

When a child applies a label to fewer references than it should have

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51
Q

Most common type of overextension?

A

Categorical

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52
Q

How common is categorical overextension?

A

The most common

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53
Q

What is categorical overextension?

A

When they use a hyponym in place of a hypernym

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54
Q

How does categorical overextension disappear?

A

When the parent gives positive reinforcement and teach new words, the overextension disappears as more hyponyms are learnt

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55
Q

How common is analogical overextension?

A

15%

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56
Q

Which overextension is 15% common?

A

Analogical

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57
Q

What is analogical overextension?

A

Related to the function or perception of the object

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58
Q

Example of categorical overextension?

A

Saying ‘apple’ in place of ‘fruits’ when referring to ‘pears’

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59
Q

Example of analogical overextension?

A

Saying ‘ sock’ in place of ‘gloves’

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60
Q

Which overextension is 25% common?

A

Mismatch or predicative

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61
Q

How common is mismatch or predicative overextension?

A

25%

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62
Q

What is mismatch or predicative overextension?

A

Statements that convey some form of abstract information - mislabelling - assuming based on what they normally see

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63
Q

Example of mismatch or predicative overextension?

A

Saying ‘doll’ when referring to a cot that usually has a doll

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64
Q

Example of underextension?

A

Saying ‘shoes’ when referring to their own shoes but not connecting it to other people’s shoes

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65
Q

Who created the processes of language acquisition?

A

Aitchison

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66
Q

When did Aitchison create his research?

A

1987

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67
Q

What are Aitchison’s processes of CLA?

A

Labelling
Packaging
Network building

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68
Q

What happens in the labelling stage of Aitchison’s processes?

A

Associate words with objects in the world around them
Link words to things
Understand the concept of labels

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69
Q

How many stages in Aitchison’s processes of CLA?

A

3

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70
Q

What happens in the packaging stage of Aitchison’s processes?

A

Start to explore the extent of the label

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71
Q

During which of Aitchison’s stages does overextension usually occur?

A

Packaging

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72
Q

What happens in the network building stage of Aitchison’s processes?

A

The kinds make connections between the labels they developed

They begin understanding opposites and similaries, relationships and contrasts

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73
Q

Thompson and Chapman

A

1977

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74
Q

Hock, Ingram and Gibson

A

1986

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75
Q

What did Thompson and Chapman, Hock, Ingram and Gibson work on?

A

The development of meaning

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76
Q

What did Thompson and Chapman, Hock, Ingram and Gibson’s research show?

A

Overextensions in comprehension was much less frequent than in naming - even though they use overextensions when naming things, but understand that it is a different word

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77
Q

How old are children usually in the holophrastic stage?

A

12-18 months

78
Q

When do kids say their first word?

A

11/12 months

79
Q

Single word utterances may appear to be …

A

… 2 words

80
Q

What are holophrases?

A

A word or group of words that children see as one unit

81
Q

Why do children use holophrases?

A

To convey multiple functions, meanings and concepts

82
Q

What is semantics?

A

The understanding of meaning

83
Q

During the holophrastic stage, how much can children understand?

A

Far more than they can convey

84
Q

What is the Gestalt expression?

A

The way children at a certain stage can compress a string of words into a single utterance - functions as sentences

85
Q

What are the 2 possible explanations for the Gestalt expression?

A
  • The child has yet to segment the sound into words

- The child is picking up ‘chunks’ of language and using them as units to communicate

86
Q

When is the two-word stage?

A

18 months

87
Q

What is amazing about the two-word stage?

A

It is grammatically correct

88
Q

What do children not use in the two-word stage?

A

Determiners

89
Q

Who studied the way a child would use “mummy sock”?

A

Bloom

90
Q

When was the phrase “mummy sock” studied?

A

1973

91
Q

What was found out about the phrase “mommy sock”?

A

It has multiple different functions and is therefore context bound

92
Q

Who came up with pivot schema?

A

Braine

93
Q

When was pivot schema invented?

A

1963

94
Q

What is pivot schema?

A

When children use patterns of two-word utterances that seem to revolve around certain key words

95
Q

What is morphology?

A

Acquisition of inflections

96
Q

Who studied acquisition of inflections?

A

Brown

97
Q

When was Brown’s studies?

A

1973

98
Q

Who conducted the Wug study?

A

Berko

99
Q

When was the Wug study conducted?

A

1958

100
Q

What study was carried out by Berko?

A

The Wug study

101
Q

Why was the Wug study used?

A

To understand acquisition of grammatical rules

102
Q

What happened in the Wug study?

A

Despite never hearing the word before, when told to say the plural form they added ‘-s’

103
Q

Who divided the acquisition of afflictions into stages?

A

Cruttenden

104
Q

When did Cruttenden divide up the acquisition of afflicitions?

A

1979

105
Q

What are the 3 stages of the acquisition of affliction?

A
  • Memorise words on an individual basis
  • Apply regular endings to words that require irregular inflections after learning general principles
  • Use correct inflections
106
Q

What is overgeneralisation?

A

Applying a rule and assuming that every example follows the rule, without realising there are exceptions

107
Q

What is virtuous error?

A

The children are wrong for our grammar. They are starting to use and apply grammar rules independently – not actually wrong - deducting from what they know

108
Q

When was the Innate theory?

A

1959

109
Q

Who’s is the innate theory?

A

Chomsky

110
Q

What is Chomsky’s theory?

A

The innate theory

111
Q

What is nativism?

A

An in-built capacity to understand grammar

112
Q

What is the innate theory?

A

The ability to extract rules and underlying language

113
Q

What is the LAD?

A

Language Acquisition Device

114
Q

Who came up with the LAD?

A

Chomsky

115
Q

Who did the Jim study?

A

Bard and Sacs

116
Q

When was the Jim study?

A

1967

117
Q

What study did Bard and Sacs do?

A

Jim study

118
Q

What was the Jim study?

A

Jim had deaf parents, but he could hear
Parents didn’t use much sign language
Jim spent a lot of time watching tv and listening to the radio
Jim’s speech development was delayed despite having access to and hearing a lot of language
Getting a speech therapist caused great improvements

119
Q

Whose were the cognitive learning mechanisms?

A

Saxton

120
Q

What are cognitive learning mechanisms?

A

Abilities, such as the ability to spot patterns

121
Q

Whose is the Behaviourism theory?

A

Skinner

122
Q

What was Skinner’s theory?

A

Behaviourism

123
Q

When was the Behaviourism theory formed?

A

1957

124
Q

What did Skinner say language acquisition is?

A

Conditioned behaviour

125
Q

How does the behaviourist theory suggest children learn language?

A

By imitating others

Getting positive reinforcement from caretakers

126
Q

2 main flaws of Behaviourism theory?

A
  • Research on pigeons

- Irregular verbs

127
Q

Who studied overextension in naming and comprehension?

A

Thompson and Chapman Hock, Ingram and Gibson

128
Q

When was Social Interaction Theory?

A

1980s

129
Q

What is CDS?

A

Child-directed speech

130
Q

Why do parents use more pronounced intonation?

A

To bring attention to key morphemes or words

131
Q

Why do parents use simplified vocab?

A

To help establish key words

132
Q

What do repeated grammatical ‘frames’ do?

A

They help draw attention to new elements within those frames

133
Q

What does the use of simplified grammar mean?

A

That the shorter utterances are easier for children to understand and pick up

134
Q

What do tag questions do?

A

They initiate turn-taking and elicit a response

135
Q

What is accompanied with speech?

A

Paralinguistic/actions

136
Q

What is recasting?

A

Parents expand, recast and develop utterances without explicitly correcting them for grammar or vocab

137
Q

What does recasting do?

A

It encourages greater correctness and helps the child be more accurate

138
Q

What do questions in the two-word stage rely on?

A

Intonation

139
Q

During the telegraphic stage, what, to do with questions, do children begin to acquire?

A

Question words: who, what, when, where, why and how

140
Q

What do children tend to miss out in their telegraphic stage?

A

Auxiliary verbs

141
Q

When do children begin using auxiliary verbs?

A

Three years (Post telegraphic stage)

142
Q

In the post-telegraphic stage, what do children do with the structure of questions?

A

They engage with syntax, inverting the order of the subject and verb

143
Q

How many stages in negatives acquisition?

A

3

144
Q

In the first stage of negatives acquisition, what do children rely on?

A

Single words e.g. “no” or “not”

145
Q

When is the 2 word negatives stage?

A

About 3 years

146
Q

What is the second stage of negatives?

A

Apostrophe of compression or possession

147
Q

What is the syntax like for sentences with compressed negative?

A

Correct grammatical structure for adults (placed after the subject, before the activity/verb)

148
Q

When does a greater range of negatives begin being used?

A

Between telegraphic and post-telegraphic

149
Q

What makes phonology support innate theory?

A

Certain trends followed

150
Q

Command of all the _______ is achieved before command of ________

A

Vowels

Consonants

151
Q

Children only struggle with ____ consonants

A

A few

152
Q

What about phonology is difficult for children to master?

A

Consonant clusters

153
Q

At around what age are all consonants mastered?

A

6-8

154
Q

When do consonants tend to be used correctly?

A

At the beginning of a word

155
Q

When do consonants tend to be more difficult?

A

At the end of the word

156
Q

Trends with [p]?

A

Will get the sound at the start of a word but unable to access the letter when at the end

157
Q

Trends with [b]?

A

Will get the sound at the start of a word but unable to access the letter when at the end

158
Q

When do children tend to acquire sounds faster?

A

When the sounds are familiar and often heard

159
Q

Children will ________ their pronunciation

A

Simplify

160
Q

3 ways of simplification of pronunciation:

A

Deletion
Substitution
Reduplication

161
Q

What is deletion?

A

When children delete certain sounds

162
Q

Which sounds do children tend to delete?

A

Consonants at the end off a word

163
Q

What happen to unstressed syllables?

A

These are usually deleted

164
Q

Example of the deletion of an unstressed syllable:

A

Saying ‘nana’ in place of ‘banana’

165
Q

What are consonant clusters?

A

2 letters working together to create a sound

166
Q

What usually happens to consonant clusters?

A

They are reduced

167
Q

Example of consonant cluster being cut out:

A

Saying ‘seep’ after cutting out the consonant cluster [sl]

168
Q

What is substitution?

A

When children substitute harder sounds for the easier ones

169
Q

Substitutions that tend to take place:

A

[d] for ‘t’
[w] for ‘r’
[b] for ‘p’

170
Q

What is the trend for [th] fronting?

A

It is difficult for children

Sub a [d] in place

171
Q

What is reduplication?

A

When children pronounce different sounds in the same way

172
Q

Example of substitution:

A

Saying [wock] in place of ‘rock’

173
Q

Example of reduplication:

A

Saying [gog] in place of ‘dog’

174
Q

Which 2 linguists did research about phonology?

A

Berko and Brown

175
Q

When did the 2 linguists do research about phonology?

A

1960

176
Q

When did Berko and Brown do their research together?

A

1960

177
Q

What did Berko and Brown’s first study look at?

A

Pronunciation of [fis] in place of ‘fish’

178
Q

What did they do in Berko and Brown’s first study?

A

An adult pronounced ‘fish’ as [fis] like a child would

179
Q

What happened in Berko and Brown’s first study?

A

The child would reject the adult’s wrong pronunciation despite the child themselves being unable to pronounce it properly

180
Q

What did Berko and Brown’s first study show?

A

That children have a greater understanding of pronunciation than they can say themselves

181
Q

When did Cruttenden do his research about phonology?

A

1974

182
Q

What did Cruttenden study about phonology?

A

Intonation (pitch)

183
Q

What did Cruttenden do in his study about phonology?

A

He did a survey based on football announcements

184
Q

What were the results from Cruttenden’s phonology study?

A

Children were able to recognise what the result was from the intonation

185
Q

What is a proto-word?

A

Something that sounds like a word but the meaning isn’t clear

186
Q

What is scribble talk?

A

Long strings of babbled sounds built up to sound like a conversation with the absence of any meaning

187
Q

What happens during the period of vocal play?

A

The baby experiments with the different speeds at which the vocal cords can vibrate

188
Q

What does vocal play consist of?

A

Single vowel/consonant-like sound which are repeated over and over

189
Q

What is variegated babbling?

A

When consonants and vowels change from one syllable to the next and a wider range of sounds are used

190
Q

What did Snow’s Burp study look at?

A

How parent’s influence child’s speech development

191
Q

What happened in the Burp study?

A

Mother responds to a child’s burp, initiating turntaking

192
Q

What did the Burp study show?

A

It encourages turn taking
Exaggerating the range of sounds helps the baby
Creates a predicative nature waiting for turntaking

A-level English Language (2 decks)

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