CLA Flashcards
How old are babies when they understand different tones of voice and certain words?
6 months
How many words are they saying by 3 years?
10 word complex sentences and an average of 20,000 to 30,000 words a day
By when do children discovers that different screams get different responses from parent?
8 weeks
Who did the Burp study?
Snow
When was the Burp study?
1977
What study did Snow do?
Burp
Who proved babies are acclimatised to the sound of their native language before birth?
Mehler
When did Mehler conduct his experiment?
1988
What did Mehler prove in his experiment?
That babies as young as 4 days were able to distinguish their native language
Children all around the _____ pass through ______ _____, suggesting child language acquisition is ______
world
similar stages
universal
First 3 stages:
Crying, Cooing, Babbling
Crying is a form of _________
expression
Time frame of cooing:
6-8 weeks
Time frame of babbling:
6-9 months
What stage, from 6-9 months, resemble adult language?
Babbling
What are small repeated syllables called?
Repeated monosyllables
What are repeated monosyllables?
Small repeated syllables
Time period of vocal play/scribbling:
20-50 weeks
Who came up with vocal play/scribbling?
David Crystal
What is phonemic expansion?
When babies develop words and sounds using vocal cords
What is phonemic contraction?
When babies stop using sounds that are not used in their language
During what stage does the number of different phenomes used initially increase?
Babbling stage
When does a phonemic contraction occur?
Around 9-10 months
Why does phonemic contraction occur?
Because certain sounds aren’t used in different native tongues
The __________ __ ___________ resemble speech
Patterns of Intonation
How do babies use pragmatics?
Gestures and body language
Who discovered the Melodic Utterance Stage?
David Crystal
What is the Melodic Utterance Stage?
When the child is reflecting the melody, rhythm and intonation of their mother tongue. Will sound as if talking despite lack of actual words.
When does holophrastic stage occur?
12 to 18 months
Why are holophrases important?
Because one word conveys many meanings
How much is usually the productive vocabulary?
50
The productive vocabulary uses words in …
… a variety of meanings, semantic events
During the holophrastic stage, how many words will a child understand?
5 times as more words as they can say
How do children have to be creative with their productive vocabulary?
They have to convey many different meanings from one word
When was productive vocab categorised?
1973
Who categorised productive vocab?
Nelson
What did Nelson do?
Categorise productive vocab
When did Nelson do his work?
1973
How many categories are there for the productive vocab?
4
What are Nelson’s different categories?
Naming, Action, Social, Modifying
How much of the productive vocab are nouns?
60% of the 50
What role does the environment play on the productive vocabulary?
It can affect which words that are learnt by child
Who wrote a group of words that are commonly spoken by children in their productive vocab in 2010?
Saxton
When did Saxton write a list of common words?
2010
Who wrote about the forms of overextension?
Rescorla
When was overextension introduced?
1980s
How many forms of overextensions are there?
3
What did Rescorla do?
Write about the different forms of extension
What is overextension?
A creative way children label things
What is underextension?
When a child applies a label to fewer references than it should have
Most common type of overextension?
Categorical
How common is categorical overextension?
The most common
What is categorical overextension?
When they use a hyponym in place of a hypernym
How does categorical overextension disappear?
When the parent gives positive reinforcement and teach new words, the overextension disappears as more hyponyms are learnt
How common is analogical overextension?
15%
Which overextension is 15% common?
Analogical
What is analogical overextension?
Related to the function or perception of the object
Example of categorical overextension?
Saying ‘apple’ in place of ‘fruits’ when referring to ‘pears’
Example of analogical overextension?
Saying ‘ sock’ in place of ‘gloves’
Which overextension is 25% common?
Mismatch or predicative
How common is mismatch or predicative overextension?
25%
What is mismatch or predicative overextension?
Statements that convey some form of abstract information - mislabelling - assuming based on what they normally see
Example of mismatch or predicative overextension?
Saying ‘doll’ when referring to a cot that usually has a doll
Example of underextension?
Saying ‘shoes’ when referring to their own shoes but not connecting it to other people’s shoes
Who created the processes of language acquisition?
Aitchison
When did Aitchison create his research?
1987
What are Aitchison’s processes of CLA?
Labelling
Packaging
Network building
What happens in the labelling stage of Aitchison’s processes?
Associate words with objects in the world around them
Link words to things
Understand the concept of labels
How many stages in Aitchison’s processes of CLA?
3
What happens in the packaging stage of Aitchison’s processes?
Start to explore the extent of the label
During which of Aitchison’s stages does overextension usually occur?
Packaging
What happens in the network building stage of Aitchison’s processes?
The kinds make connections between the labels they developed
They begin understanding opposites and similaries, relationships and contrasts
Thompson and Chapman
1977
Hock, Ingram and Gibson
1986
What did Thompson and Chapman, Hock, Ingram and Gibson work on?
The development of meaning
What did Thompson and Chapman, Hock, Ingram and Gibson’s research show?
Overextensions in comprehension was much less frequent than in naming - even though they use overextensions when naming things, but understand that it is a different word
How old are children usually in the holophrastic stage?
12-18 months
When do kids say their first word?
11/12 months
Single word utterances may appear to be …
… 2 words
What are holophrases?
A word or group of words that children see as one unit
Why do children use holophrases?
To convey multiple functions, meanings and concepts
What is semantics?
The understanding of meaning
During the holophrastic stage, how much can children understand?
Far more than they can convey
What is the Gestalt expression?
The way children at a certain stage can compress a string of words into a single utterance - functions as sentences
What are the 2 possible explanations for the Gestalt expression?
- The child has yet to segment the sound into words
- The child is picking up ‘chunks’ of language and using them as units to communicate
When is the two-word stage?
18 months
What is amazing about the two-word stage?
It is grammatically correct
What do children not use in the two-word stage?
Determiners
Who studied the way a child would use “mummy sock”?
Bloom
When was the phrase “mummy sock” studied?
1973
What was found out about the phrase “mommy sock”?
It has multiple different functions and is therefore context bound
Who came up with pivot schema?
Braine
When was pivot schema invented?
1963
What is pivot schema?
When children use patterns of two-word utterances that seem to revolve around certain key words
What is morphology?
Acquisition of inflections
Who studied acquisition of inflections?
Brown
When was Brown’s studies?
1973
Who conducted the Wug study?
Berko
When was the Wug study conducted?
1958
What study was carried out by Berko?
The Wug study
Why was the Wug study used?
To understand acquisition of grammatical rules
What happened in the Wug study?
Despite never hearing the word before, when told to say the plural form they added ‘-s’
Who divided the acquisition of afflictions into stages?
Cruttenden
When did Cruttenden divide up the acquisition of afflicitions?
1979
What are the 3 stages of the acquisition of affliction?
- Memorise words on an individual basis
- Apply regular endings to words that require irregular inflections after learning general principles
- Use correct inflections
What is overgeneralisation?
Applying a rule and assuming that every example follows the rule, without realising there are exceptions
What is virtuous error?
The children are wrong for our grammar. They are starting to use and apply grammar rules independently – not actually wrong - deducting from what they know
When was the Innate theory?
1959
Who’s is the innate theory?
Chomsky
What is Chomsky’s theory?
The innate theory
What is nativism?
An in-built capacity to understand grammar
What is the innate theory?
The ability to extract rules and underlying language
What is the LAD?
Language Acquisition Device
Who came up with the LAD?
Chomsky
Who did the Jim study?
Bard and Sacs
When was the Jim study?
1967
What study did Bard and Sacs do?
Jim study
What was the Jim study?
Jim had deaf parents, but he could hear
Parents didn’t use much sign language
Jim spent a lot of time watching tv and listening to the radio
Jim’s speech development was delayed despite having access to and hearing a lot of language
Getting a speech therapist caused great improvements
Whose were the cognitive learning mechanisms?
Saxton
What are cognitive learning mechanisms?
Abilities, such as the ability to spot patterns
Whose is the Behaviourism theory?
Skinner
What was Skinner’s theory?
Behaviourism
When was the Behaviourism theory formed?
1957
What did Skinner say language acquisition is?
Conditioned behaviour
How does the behaviourist theory suggest children learn language?
By imitating others
Getting positive reinforcement from caretakers
2 main flaws of Behaviourism theory?
- Research on pigeons
- Irregular verbs
Who studied overextension in naming and comprehension?
Thompson and Chapman Hock, Ingram and Gibson
When was Social Interaction Theory?
1980s
What is CDS?
Child-directed speech
Why do parents use more pronounced intonation?
To bring attention to key morphemes or words
Why do parents use simplified vocab?
To help establish key words
What do repeated grammatical ‘frames’ do?
They help draw attention to new elements within those frames
What does the use of simplified grammar mean?
That the shorter utterances are easier for children to understand and pick up
What do tag questions do?
They initiate turn-taking and elicit a response
What is accompanied with speech?
Paralinguistic/actions
What is recasting?
Parents expand, recast and develop utterances without explicitly correcting them for grammar or vocab
What does recasting do?
It encourages greater correctness and helps the child be more accurate
What do questions in the two-word stage rely on?
Intonation
During the telegraphic stage, what, to do with questions, do children begin to acquire?
Question words: who, what, when, where, why and how
What do children tend to miss out in their telegraphic stage?
Auxiliary verbs
When do children begin using auxiliary verbs?
Three years (Post telegraphic stage)
In the post-telegraphic stage, what do children do with the structure of questions?
They engage with syntax, inverting the order of the subject and verb
How many stages in negatives acquisition?
3
In the first stage of negatives acquisition, what do children rely on?
Single words e.g. “no” or “not”
When is the 2 word negatives stage?
About 3 years
What is the second stage of negatives?
Apostrophe of compression or possession
What is the syntax like for sentences with compressed negative?
Correct grammatical structure for adults (placed after the subject, before the activity/verb)
When does a greater range of negatives begin being used?
Between telegraphic and post-telegraphic
What makes phonology support innate theory?
Certain trends followed
Command of all the _______ is achieved before command of ________
Vowels
Consonants
Children only struggle with ____ consonants
A few
What about phonology is difficult for children to master?
Consonant clusters
At around what age are all consonants mastered?
6-8
When do consonants tend to be used correctly?
At the beginning of a word
When do consonants tend to be more difficult?
At the end of the word
Trends with [p]?
Will get the sound at the start of a word but unable to access the letter when at the end
Trends with [b]?
Will get the sound at the start of a word but unable to access the letter when at the end
When do children tend to acquire sounds faster?
When the sounds are familiar and often heard
Children will ________ their pronunciation
Simplify
3 ways of simplification of pronunciation:
Deletion
Substitution
Reduplication
What is deletion?
When children delete certain sounds
Which sounds do children tend to delete?
Consonants at the end off a word
What happen to unstressed syllables?
These are usually deleted
Example of the deletion of an unstressed syllable:
Saying ‘nana’ in place of ‘banana’
What are consonant clusters?
2 letters working together to create a sound
What usually happens to consonant clusters?
They are reduced
Example of consonant cluster being cut out:
Saying ‘seep’ after cutting out the consonant cluster [sl]
What is substitution?
When children substitute harder sounds for the easier ones
Substitutions that tend to take place:
[d] for ‘t’
[w] for ‘r’
[b] for ‘p’
What is the trend for [th] fronting?
It is difficult for children
Sub a [d] in place
What is reduplication?
When children pronounce different sounds in the same way
Example of substitution:
Saying [wock] in place of ‘rock’
Example of reduplication:
Saying [gog] in place of ‘dog’
Which 2 linguists did research about phonology?
Berko and Brown
When did the 2 linguists do research about phonology?
1960
When did Berko and Brown do their research together?
1960
What did Berko and Brown’s first study look at?
Pronunciation of [fis] in place of ‘fish’
What did they do in Berko and Brown’s first study?
An adult pronounced ‘fish’ as [fis] like a child would
What happened in Berko and Brown’s first study?
The child would reject the adult’s wrong pronunciation despite the child themselves being unable to pronounce it properly
What did Berko and Brown’s first study show?
That children have a greater understanding of pronunciation than they can say themselves
When did Cruttenden do his research about phonology?
1974
What did Cruttenden study about phonology?
Intonation (pitch)
What did Cruttenden do in his study about phonology?
He did a survey based on football announcements
What were the results from Cruttenden’s phonology study?
Children were able to recognise what the result was from the intonation
What is a proto-word?
Something that sounds like a word but the meaning isn’t clear
What is scribble talk?
Long strings of babbled sounds built up to sound like a conversation with the absence of any meaning
What happens during the period of vocal play?
The baby experiments with the different speeds at which the vocal cords can vibrate
What does vocal play consist of?
Single vowel/consonant-like sound which are repeated over and over
What is variegated babbling?
When consonants and vowels change from one syllable to the next and a wider range of sounds are used
What did Snow’s Burp study look at?
How parent’s influence child’s speech development
What happened in the Burp study?
Mother responds to a child’s burp, initiating turntaking
What did the Burp study show?
It encourages turn taking
Exaggerating the range of sounds helps the baby
Creates a predicative nature waiting for turntaking
