CL - coastal landforms p18 -

Question 1

4 processes of wave erosion

Answer 1

hydraulic action
abrasion
attrition
solution

Question 2

hydraulic action

Answer 2

the force exerted onto rocks from pounding waves

Question 3

abrasion

Answer 3

sand/shingle/boulders picked up by the sea and hurled against the cliff

Question 4

attrition

Answer 4

the wearing down of rocks and pebbles as they rub against each other - making them smaller and rounder

Question 5

solution

Answer 5

when fresh water mixes with salt water - carbon-based rocks are broken down

Question 6

4 processes of wave transporation

Answer 6

traction
saltation
suspension
soltuion

Question 7

traction

Answer 7

LARGE boulders ROLLED along the seabed

Question 8

saltation

Answer 8

SMALL stones BOUNCED along the seabed

Question 9

suspension

Answer 9

SMALL particles carried in moving water

Question 10

solution

Answer 10

dissolved material

Question 11

fluvial and aeolian processes

Answer 11

fluvial - water
aeolian - air

Question 12

hows headlands and bays formed

Answer 12

• when there are different bands of different rock with different resistances to erosion
• weaker rock erodes faster - bay
• harder rock is left - headland

Question 13

how are shore platforms (wave cut platforms and notch) formed

Answer 13

• high energy waves concentrate erosion at the base of cliff
• cliff is undercut forming a wave-cut notch
• overtime the undercut collapses and the cliff face retreats
• this leaves a wave cut platform

Question 14

what are geos

Answer 14

narrow, steep-sided inlets on the coastline formed where there is weakness (joint or fault) in the rock which is exposed by erosion processes such as hydraulic action

Question 15

whats a tombolo and how is it formed

Answer 15

• is a bar or beach that ​connects the mainland to an offshore island​
• is formed due to ​wave refraction off the coastal island reducing wave velocity​, leading to deposition of sediments. They may be covered at high tide if they are low lying.

Question 16

whats a blow hole and how is it formed

Answer 16

• a ​pot hole on top of a cliff​, created by chemical weathering, and ​a cave​, formed by marine erosion.
• As the cave erodes deeper into the cliff face and the pothole deepens,
• a channel is created for incoming waves to travel into and up the cliff face (occasionally water splashes out of the top of the blowhole when energetic waves hit the cliff face).

Question 17

the process of how caves, arches, stacks and stumps are formed

Answer 17

1. joints and faults in resistant rock are attacked by waves
2. hydraulic action and abrasion wide the weaknesses and undercuts the base of cliff - CAVE
3. more erosion on the headland and hole is opened - ARCH
4. cliff face recedes and forms a wave cut platform. the arch collapses and creates a STACK
5. sea attacks base of stack and eventually wave cut notch undercut the stack and the STRUMP is left

Question 18

how are salt marshes formed

Answer 18

• Behind spits and barrier beaches the area is very sheltered, tidal currents and river currents meet leading to lots of deposition
• This can lead to the formation of salt marshes
• Salt-tolerant species colonise these sheltered, flat muddy areas
• They are covered at high tide and exposed at low tide

Question 19

list of physical factors that affect the coastline

Answer 19

wind
wave
current
tidal
lithology
structure