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3J - CC2 (1ST SEM: PRELIMS) > CK LDH GGT G6PD ACE 5N’T CHE AChE PChE ALD > Flashcards

CK LDH GGT G6PD ACE 5N’T CHE AChE PChE ALD Flashcards

1
Q

E.C. 2.7.3.2

A

Creatine Kinase

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2
Q

MW of CK

A

82,000 Da

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3
Q

Associated with AT Pregeneration in contractile or
transport system (constant concentration of ATP in the muscle needed for any sudden burst of exercise)

A

Creatine Kinase

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4
Q

CK

Isoenzymes, Tissue Sources, and Electrophoresis

A

CK-MM = Skeletal Muscle (CK-3)
CK-MB = Heart muscle (CK-2)
CK-BB = Brain tissues (CK-1)

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5
Q

CK isoenzyme that migrate fastest toward anode

A

CK-BB

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6
Q

CK isoenzyme that exhibit slowest mobilty

A

CK-MM

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7
Q

Most significant CK

A

CK-MB

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8
Q

CK-MB Myocardial Infarction: Rise

A

4-8 hours after the onset

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9
Q

CK-MB Myocardial Infarction: Peak

A

12-24 hours

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10
Q

CK-MB Myocardial Infarction: return to normal

A

Within 48-72 hours

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11
Q

T or F

CK-MB is specific to MI

A

False; CK-MB is SENSITIVE but NOT specific to MI

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12
Q

ATYPICAL ISOENZYMES

Bound to the exterior surface of inner mitochondrial membranes of muscle, brain, and liver.

A

CK-Mi (Mitochondrial Creatine Kinase)

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13
Q

CK-Mi

For it to be detected in PLASMA, ? must occur, causing breakdown of the mitochondria and cell wall

A

Extensive tissue damage

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14
Q

In most instances, the associated immunoglobin in Macro-CK

A

IgG

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15
Q

Largely comprises CK-BB complexed with IgG

A

Macro-CK

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16
Q

LDH EC

A

EC 1.1.1.27

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17
Q

Systematic name of LDH

A

L-Lactate: NAD+ Oxidoreductase

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18
Q

Catalyzes the interconversion of lactate to pyruvate;
Pyruvate to lactate in anaerobic glycolysis

A

LDH

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19
Q

Reaction of LDH in anaerobin glycolysis

A

Pyruvate -> lactate

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20
Q

LDH Higher Activities are found in

A

HELiSK

Heart
Erythrocytes
Liver
Skeletal muscle
Kidney

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21
Q

LDH lesser amounts found in the

A

Lung
Smooth Muscle
Brain

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22
Q

ISOENZYMES - TISSUE LOCALIZATION AND SOURCES OF ELEVATION

LDH-1 (HHHH)

A

Heart - Myocardial Infarction
Red Blood cell - Hemolytic anemia

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23
Q

ISOENZYMES - TISSUE LOCALIZATION AND SOURCES OF ELEVATION

LDH-2 (HHHM)

A

Heart - Megaloblastic anemia
RBC - Acute Renal Infarction, Hemolyzed Specimen

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24
Q

ISOENZYMES - TISSUE LOCALIZATION AND SOURCES OF ELEVATION

LDH-3 (HHMM)

A

Lung - Pulmonary Embolism
Lymphocytes - Extensive Pulmonary Pneumonia
Spleen - Pulmonary Pneumonia
Pancreas - Lymphocytosis, Acute Pancreatisis

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25
Q

ISOENZYMES - TISSUE LOCALIZATION AND SOURCES OF ELEVATION

LDH-4 (HMMM)

A

Liver - Hepatic injury or inflammation

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26
Q

ISOENZYMES - TISSUE LOCALIZATION AND SOURCES OF ELEVATION

LDH-5 (MMMM)

A

Skeletal muscle - Skeletal muscle injury

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27
Q

LDH Myocardial Infarction: Rise

A

12-24 hours after the onset

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28
Q

LDH Myocardial Infarction:Peak

A

48-72 hours

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29
Q

LDH Myocardial Infarction: Remain elevated

A

10 days

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30
Q

LD pattern suggestive of AMI

A

LD1>LD2>LD3>LD4>LD5

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31
Q

EC of Gamma-Glutamyl-Transferase

A

E.C. 2.3.2.2.

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32
Q

GGT Systemic name

A

(5-Glutamyl) Peptide: Amino Acid-5-Glutamyl-Transferase

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33
Q

GGT is Involved in the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl residue from gamma-glutamyl peptides to -, - and other small peptides

A

amino acid, H2O

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34
Q

Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of -, -, and -

A

Glutamate
Cysteine
Glycine

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35
Q

GGT physiology

A
  • Involved in peptide and protein synthesis
  • regulation of tissue glutathione levels
  • transport of amino acids across cell membrane
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36
Q

GGT highest concentration tissue source

A

kidney

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37
Q

GGT other tissue sources

A
  • brain
  • prostate
  • pancreas
  • liver
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38
Q

clinical applications of GGT assay; primary sources of plasma GGT

A

evaluation liver and biliary system disorders

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39
Q

GGT is increased/elevated in

A
  • elevated in all HEPATOBILLIARY DISODERS
  • increased in patients receiving ENZYME-INDUCING DRUGS
  • increased in CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM/Excessive alcohol consumption
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40
Q

enzyme-inducing drugs that will cause an elevated GGT

A

warfarin
phenobarbital
phenytoin

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41
Q

GGT

bone disease and biliary obstuction

A

Normal in BD
increased in BO

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42
Q

ALP

bone disease and biliary obstruction

A

all increase

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43
Q

Assay used in measuring Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase

A

Szasz assay

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44
Q

? And ? are located in the canalicular end, both of them are present in hepatobiliary conditions.

A

GGT and ALP

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45
Q

Substrate used for Szasz assay

A

Gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide

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46
Q

szasz assay

? Is measured because its formation depends on the GGT

A

Para-Nitroaniline

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47
Q

yellow chromogenic product with a strong absorbance at 405 to 420 nm

A

Para-nitroaniline

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48
Q

EC for G6PD

A

1.1.1.49

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49
Q

G6PD systematic name

A

D-Glucose-6-Phosphate: NADP+ 1-Oxidoreductase

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50
Q

Catalyzes the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate or 6-phosphogluconolactone

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

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51
Q

Lactate Dehydrogenase Coenzyme

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NAD+

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52
Q

The conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate will also produce

A

NADPH

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53
Q

Diagnostic Significance of G6PD: RBC

A
  • maintain NADPH in reduced form
  • require reduced NADPH to reduce glutathione
  • reduced glutathione protects hemoglobin (Hgb) from oxidation
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54
Q

Low G6PD may cause

A

Low NADPH = low reduced glutathione = hemolytic anemia

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55
Q

? must be present for anemia to occur in patients with G6PD
deficiency.

A

Oxidative stress

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56
Q

G6PD deficiency assay

A

Red cell hemolysate

57
Q

G6PD

? Is used for evaluation of enzyme elevations

A

Serum

58
Q

used as a confirmatory test for G6PD

A

Hemolysate

59
Q

EC for ACE

A

3.4.15.1

60
Q

ACE converts ? To ?

A

Angiotensin1 to Angiotensin 2

61
Q

Other names for ACE

A

Kininase II and Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A

62
Q

Hydrolysis of peptide bonds at a free C-terminus
releasing a dipeptide in the reaction

A

G6OD

63
Q

ACE will Cleave ? In Angiotensin 1 to form Angiotensin 2

A

His-Leu sequence (Histidine-Leucine)

64
Q

ACE contains ? In its active site

A

Zinc

65
Q

Produces angiotensinogen

A

Liver

66
Q

Produces renin

A

Kidney

67
Q

Renin and angiotensinogen are activated by ?

A

Low blood pressure

68
Q

Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

A

Renin

69
Q

Cleaves the angiotensin seq to form angiotensin 2

A

ACE from the lungs

70
Q

Effects of Angiotensin 2

A

Induce waterabsorption
Aldosterone = high blood pressure due to absorbed sodium

71
Q

Endpoint of ACE

A

Higher blood pressure

72
Q

Angiotensinogen converting enzyme inhibitors used for patients w high blood pressure

A

Captopril

73
Q

ACE is predominantly found in ?

A

Endothelial cell membranes

74
Q

Rich in ACE

A

Lungs
Testes

75
Q

Substrate used to assess ACE levels

A

Hippurif acid

76
Q

Hippuric acid is composed of

A

Hippuric acid
Histidine
Leucine

77
Q

Abnormal collection of inflammatory cells called granulomas
may appear on the body (overreaction of the immune system)

A

Sarcoidosis

78
Q

Sarcoidosis mainly affect the ?

A

Lungs

79
Q

Most commonly affected areas of Sarcoidosis

A

Lungs
Skin
Eyes
Lymph nodes

80
Q

ACE level: ?

Sarcoidosis progress to fibrosis

A

Decline

81
Q

ACE is elevated w what illness

A

Sarcoidosis (Pulmonary involvement)
Granulomatous disease (10%)

82
Q

EC OF 5’-Nucleotidase (5’NT)

A

EC 3.1.3.5

83
Q

MW of 5’NT

A

70 kDa

84
Q

It is a cytoplasmic membrane–bound phosphatase with a wide
specificity for 5′-ribonucleotides

A

5’-Nucleotidase

85
Q

5’-Nucleotidase function in

A

Adenosine production
Nutrient absorption
Cell proliferation

86
Q

5’-Nucleotidase acts only on - ?; substrate

A

Nucleotides (adenosine 5’-monophosphate and guanosine 5’-monophosphate)

87
Q

Function of 5’NT

A

Nucleotide will be converted into RIBONUCLEOSIDE = release PHOSPHATE GROUP

88
Q

5’NT systematic name

A

5’-Ribonucleotide Phosphohydrolase

89
Q

5NT is widely distributed in ?

A

Tissues

90
Q

5NT clnical uyilit is the diagnosis of ?

A

hepatobiliary disorders

91
Q

5’NT serves as a marker to differentiate between ? and ?

A

Bone
Liver alkaline phosphatase

92
Q

capable of cleaving the substrate used to measure the lower activity of 5′-NT present in the sample.

A

ALP

93
Q

5’NT

High concentrations of nonspecific phosphatases may cause

A

Falsely increased results

94
Q

inhibit 5’NT enzyme activity, likely due to the chelation of zinc

A

EDTA

95
Q

Samples used for 5’NT

A

Serum

96
Q

EC of Acetylcholinesterase

A

EC 3.1.1.7

97
Q

EC of Pseudocholinesterase (PChE)

A

EC 3.1.1.8

98
Q

True’ cholinesterase (choline esterase 1) or RBC cholinesterase

A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

99
Q

Butyrylcholinesterase (choline esterase 2)

A

Pseudocholinesterase (PChE)

100
Q

AChE is found in the

A

Nervous system
Neuromuscular junctions
RBCs

101
Q

primary neurotransmitter at various sites in the CNS

A

AChE

102
Q

AChe rapidly hydrolyzes ?, producing rapid termination of neurotransmission

A

ACh (Acetycholine)

103
Q

ACh is produced from

A

Choline
Acetyl CoA

104
Q

serves as a neurotransmitter for signal transmission.

A

ACh

105
Q

transported back into the axon terminal for ACh
synthesis.

A

Choline

106
Q

ACh is broken down by acetycholinesterase into

A

Acetate and choline

107
Q

Prolonged presence of ACh in the synaptic cleft can lead to

A

excessive signal transmission and paralysis

108
Q

Main reason for measuring AChE

A
  • to monitor EXPOSURE to
    cholinesterase inhibitors
  • for use as a LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
  • for DIAGNOSIS of genetic variants
109
Q

Useful in organophosphate exposure and poisoning

A

Ache

110
Q

prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh)

A

organophosphates insectisides

111
Q

have the capability to inhibit cholinesterase (ChE)

A

Snake toxins

112
Q

reflects acute toxicity

A

PChe

113
Q

reflects chronic exposure.

A

AChE

114
Q

indicates toxic exposure

A

Low level of cholinesterase

115
Q

may be useful in the diagnosis of neural tube defects

A

Qualitative analysis in amniotic fluid

116
Q

PChe is produced by the

A

Liver

117
Q

Function of PChe

A

Not known

118
Q

Pche is also called

A

Acetylcholine acylhydrolase

119
Q

neuromuscular blocking agent, and muscle relaxants used during surgery

A

Succinylcholine
Mivacurium

120
Q

important in the cleavage of acetylcholine antagonists such as succinylcholine and mivacurium

A

PCHE

121
Q

Irreversible inhibitors of both AChE and PChE; unable to break down ACh

A

Organophosphate Insecticides

122
Q

Substrate used to react w ACHe and PCHe to produce thiocholine

A

Acylthiocholine ester

123
Q

Reacts w Ellman’s reagent (dithiobisnitrobenzoicacid), releasing 5-mercapto-2-nitrobenzoic acid

A

Thiocholine

124
Q

Thiocholine is then reacted with Ellman’s reagent
(dithiobisnitrobenzoicacid), releasing ?

A

5-mercapto-2- nitrobenzoic acid

125
Q

Ellman’s reagent

A

Dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid

126
Q

5-mercapto-2- nitrobenzoic acid, which is measured spectrophotometrically at

A

412 nm

127
Q

Pseudocholinesterase activity is measured in ?

A

Serum

128
Q

AChE activity is measured in

A

Hemolysate of washed RBCs

129
Q

AChE may also be determined in AMNIOTIC FLUID by ?

A

Gel electrophoresis

130
Q

AChe in amniotic fluid may be useful in the diagnosis of ?

A

Neural tube defects and other birth defects

131
Q

a condition when a baby’s SPINE and SPINAL CORD does not develop properly in the womb, causing a GAP in the spine.

A

Spina bifida

132
Q

a serious birth defect in which a baby is born WITHOUT parts of the BRAIN and SKULL.

A

Anencephaly

133
Q

a sac-like protrusion or projection of the brain and the membranes that cover it through an opening in the skull.

A

Encephalocele

134
Q

EC of aldolase

A

EC 4.1.2.13

135
Q

Aldolase systematic name

A

D-fructose- 1,6 - bisphosphate- D-Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate - lyase

136
Q

catalyzes the REVERSIBLE conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

A

ALD

137
Q

Aldolase A tissue source

A

Skeletal muscle

138
Q

Aldolase B tissue source

A

WBC, Liver, Kidneys

139
Q

Aldolase C tissue source

A

Brain tissue

3J - CC2 (1ST SEM: PRELIMS) (2 decks)

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