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A LEVEL BIOLOGY > CJU 2.1 CELLS > Flashcards

CJU 2.1 CELLS Flashcards

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1
Q

[Stains] Iodine

A

Carbs -> plant and animal specimens -> brown or blue-black.
Glycogen -> red.

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2
Q

[Stains] Methylene Blue

A

Acidic cell parts (like nucleus) -> blue

Used on animal, bacteria and blood specimens.

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3
Q

[Stains] Eosin Y

A

Alkaline Cell Parts (like cytoplasm) -> pink.

Used on plants, animals and blood.

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4
Q

[Stains] Toluidine Blue

A

Acidic Cell Parts (like nucleus) dark blue.

Good to show mitosis in plants.

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5
Q

[Stains] Wright’s Stain

A

Stains red blood cells pink/red.

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6
Q

[Stains] Crystal Violet

A

Stains bacteria purple.

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7
Q

[Stains] Aceto-orcein

A

Biological stain -> chromosomes and connective tissue.

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8
Q

[Stains] Sudan III

A

Biological stain used as a lipid indicator.

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9
Q

[Sub-cellular Structures] Plasma Membrane

A
  • detects and responds to changes in the environment.
  • physical barrier controlling what can enter and exit the cell.
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10
Q

[Sub-Cellular Structures] Nucleus

A
  • information centre of the Eukaryotic Cell.
  • where DNA is stored, replicated and copied into messenger RNA (mRNA. Transcription).
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11
Q

[Sub-Cellular Structures] Nuclear Envelope

A
  • double membrane that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
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12
Q

[Sub-Cellular Structures] Nuclear Pores

A
  • gaps in the nuclear envelope that allow substances to move in and out of the nucleus.
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13
Q

[Sub-Cellular Structures] Nucleolus

A
  • part of the nucleus that produces ribosomes.
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14
Q

[Sub-Cellular Structures] Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • studded with ribosomes.
  • site where proteins are made, folded and moved to the Golgi Apparatus.
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15
Q

[Sub-Cellular Structures] Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • lipid and steroid synthesis.
  • drug detoxification.
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16
Q

[Sub-Cellular Structures] Ribosomes

A
  • make new proteins from mRNA through process called translation.
17
Q

[Sub-Cellular Structures] Cytoplasm

A
  • gelatin-like inside cell membrane.
  • constantly flows.
18
Q

[Sub-Cellular Structures] Mitochondria

A
  • organelles that release energy from food.
  • energy released by breaking down food into carbon dioxide.
  • respiration occurs here.
19
Q

[Sub-Cellular Structures] Golgi Bodies

A
  • stacked flattened membranes.
  • sort and package proteins.
20
Q

[Sub-Cellular Structures] Lysosome

A
  • digest food or break down cell when it dies.
  • break down food molecules, cell wastes and worn out cell parts.
21
Q

[Sub-Cellular Structures. Only Plant Cells] Permanent Vacuoles

A
  • temporary storage space.
  • store food, water and waste.
22
Q

[Sub-Cellular Structures. Only Plant Cells] Cell Wall

A
  • protects the cell.
  • gives it shape.
  • made of cellulose.
  • found in plants, algae, fungi and most. bacteria.
23
Q

[Sub-Cellular Structures. Only Plant Cells] Chloroplasts

A
  • where photosynthesis occurs.
  • found only in plant cells.
24
Q

[Sub-Cellular Structure. Only in Plants] Chlorophyll

A
  • green pigment that gives leaves and stems their colour.
  • captures sunlight.
  • photosynthesis.
25
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein fibres within a cell that gives structure and shape to the cell and also moves organelles around inside the cell. Made up of 3 parts.

26
Q

[Cytoskeleton] Microtubules

A
  • main part.
  • hollow cylinders of Tubulin (protein) about 25nm diameter.
  • maintain cell shape.
  • connect organelles to each other to keep them in place.
  • may be used to move microbes through liquid or waft liquid.
27
Q

[Cytoskeleton] Intermediate Filaments

A
  • thick cables made of keratin.
  • 10nm diameter.
  • maintain cell shape.
  • anchor nucleus and organelles.
28
Q

[Cytoskeleton] Actin Microfilaments

A
  • two intertwined strands of actin.
  • 7nm diameter.
  • maintain cell shape.
  • cause muscle contraction.
  • involved in cell division (cytokinesis).
  • cause movement called pseudopodia seen by amoeba and some white blood cells.
29
Q

Magnification

A

How many times bigger the image of a specimen observed is compared to actual size of the specimens.

30
Q

Resolution

A

The ability of a microscope to distinguish details of a specimen or sample.

31
Q

Magnification Equation

A

I
A M

32
Q

Conversions

A

Millimetre to Micrometer = x1000
Micrometer to Millimetre = /1000

A LEVEL BIOLOGY (3 decks)

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