CJU 2.1 CELLS Flashcards
[Stains] Iodine
Carbs -> plant and animal specimens -> brown or blue-black.
Glycogen -> red.
[Stains] Methylene Blue
Acidic cell parts (like nucleus) -> blue
Used on animal, bacteria and blood specimens.
[Stains] Eosin Y
Alkaline Cell Parts (like cytoplasm) -> pink.
Used on plants, animals and blood.
[Stains] Toluidine Blue
Acidic Cell Parts (like nucleus) dark blue.
Good to show mitosis in plants.
[Stains] Wright’s Stain
Stains red blood cells pink/red.
[Stains] Crystal Violet
Stains bacteria purple.
[Stains] Aceto-orcein
Biological stain -> chromosomes and connective tissue.
[Stains] Sudan III
Biological stain used as a lipid indicator.
[Sub-cellular Structures] Plasma Membrane
- detects and responds to changes in the environment.
- physical barrier controlling what can enter and exit the cell.
[Sub-Cellular Structures] Nucleus
- information centre of the Eukaryotic Cell.
- where DNA is stored, replicated and copied into messenger RNA (mRNA. Transcription).
[Sub-Cellular Structures] Nuclear Envelope
- double membrane that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
[Sub-Cellular Structures] Nuclear Pores
- gaps in the nuclear envelope that allow substances to move in and out of the nucleus.
[Sub-Cellular Structures] Nucleolus
- part of the nucleus that produces ribosomes.
[Sub-Cellular Structures] Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- studded with ribosomes.
- site where proteins are made, folded and moved to the Golgi Apparatus.
[Sub-Cellular Structures] Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- lipid and steroid synthesis.
- drug detoxification.
[Sub-Cellular Structures] Ribosomes
- make new proteins from mRNA through process called translation.
[Sub-Cellular Structures] Cytoplasm
- gelatin-like inside cell membrane.
- constantly flows.
[Sub-Cellular Structures] Mitochondria
- organelles that release energy from food.
- energy released by breaking down food into carbon dioxide.
- respiration occurs here.
[Sub-Cellular Structures] Golgi Bodies
- stacked flattened membranes.
- sort and package proteins.
[Sub-Cellular Structures] Lysosome
- digest food or break down cell when it dies.
- break down food molecules, cell wastes and worn out cell parts.
[Sub-Cellular Structures. Only Plant Cells] Permanent Vacuoles
- temporary storage space.
- store food, water and waste.
[Sub-Cellular Structures. Only Plant Cells] Cell Wall
- protects the cell.
- gives it shape.
- made of cellulose.
- found in plants, algae, fungi and most. bacteria.
[Sub-Cellular Structures. Only Plant Cells] Chloroplasts
- where photosynthesis occurs.
- found only in plant cells.
[Sub-Cellular Structure. Only in Plants] Chlorophyll
- green pigment that gives leaves and stems their colour.
- captures sunlight.
- photosynthesis.
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein fibres within a cell that gives structure and shape to the cell and also moves organelles around inside the cell. Made up of 3 parts.
[Cytoskeleton] Microtubules
- main part.
- hollow cylinders of Tubulin (protein) about 25nm diameter.
- maintain cell shape.
- connect organelles to each other to keep them in place.
- may be used to move microbes through liquid or waft liquid.
[Cytoskeleton] Intermediate Filaments
- thick cables made of keratin.
- 10nm diameter.
- maintain cell shape.
- anchor nucleus and organelles.
[Cytoskeleton] Actin Microfilaments
- two intertwined strands of actin.
- 7nm diameter.
- maintain cell shape.
- cause muscle contraction.
- involved in cell division (cytokinesis).
- cause movement called pseudopodia seen by amoeba and some white blood cells.
Magnification
How many times bigger the image of a specimen observed is compared to actual size of the specimens.
Resolution
The ability of a microscope to distinguish details of a specimen or sample.
Magnification Equation
I
A M
Conversions
Millimetre to Micrometer = x1000
Micrometer to Millimetre = /1000
