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History > Civil Rights And Feminist Movement In The 1960S And 1970s (USA) > Flashcards

Civil Rights And Feminist Movement In The 1960S And 1970s (USA) Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify five ways black people experienced racism in America in the early 1950s

A
  1. Jim Crow laws in the southern states legalised the segregation of black and white people (e.g. education transport restaurants)
  2. Black people were stopped from registering to vote (e.g. only 5% of black people were registered to vote in Mississippi)
  3. There was inequality in education (e.g. the best universities in the country were close to black people)
  4. There was inequality in the workplace
  5. They were not equal in the eyes of the law (e.g. many police officers felt to stop talk for black people and I was guilty were not punished by white Juries)
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2
Q

What is the name of the laws which are legalised segregation in southern America?

A

The Jim Crow laws

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3
Q

Which civil rights campaign group challenged the segregation of education in 1954?

A

The NAACP (national association for the advancement of coloured people)

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4
Q

What case did the NAACP used to challenge the segregation of education in 1954?

A

They used the case of Linda Brown. she had to travel several kilometres to school every day including crossing a dangerous railway track instead of attending the nearby white-only school this was known as the brown V board of education

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5
Q

What did the Supreme Court rule in the brown V board case (1954)?

A

Chief Justice Earl Warren stated that segregated education was not equal and against American constitution

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6
Q

What did Chief Justice Earl Warran order to happen after the success of the brown V board case (1954)?

A

Who ordered the southern states to set up integrated schools ‘with all deliberate speed’

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7
Q

Identify two achievements of the brown V board case (1954)

A
  1. Segregated education was ruled unconstitutional

2. Southern states were ordered to integrate schools.

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8
Q

Identify to failures of the brown V board case (1954)

A
  1. Southern states oppose the integration of education (as shown by the events of Little Rock high school in 1957)
  2. By 1968 58% of black children are still being educated and segregated schools
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9
Q

What happened to Little Rock high school in 1957? (Three stages)

A
  1. In 1957 the Supreme Court ordered the governor of Arkansas,
    Orval faubus, to integrate schools and allow 9 black students attend little rock high school.
  2. Faubus ordered steak chips to prevent the black students from attending the school
  3. President Kennedy Send in federal troops for six weeks to protect the students and ensure they could attend school. The students were confronted and abused by 1000-strong crowds
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10
Q

When was the Montgomery bus boycott?

A

1955–1956

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11
Q

Who initially decided to challenge the segregation of Montgomery’s buses in 1955?

A

Rosa Parks

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12
Q

How did Rosa Parks challenge the segregation of Montgomerys buses in 1955?

A

She refused to give up her seat to a white man and was arrested, convicted and taken to court

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13
Q

What organisation was formed to help challenge the segregation of bosses in Montgomery?

A

The Montgomery improvement Association (MIA)

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14
Q

Identify two pieces of evidence which suggests the popularity of MIA’s boycott buses

A
  1. On the first day of the boycott the busses were empty

2. The bus company lost 65% of its income during the boycott

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15
Q

How did people oppose the Montgomery bus boycott?

A
  1. Martin Luther King was arrested twice.
  2. Integrated busses were shot at.
  3. Black churches and homes were set on fire.
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16
Q

What was the outcome of Rosa Parks protest and a Montgomery bus boycott?

A

In December 1956 the supreme court declared that segregation on buses was unconstitutional.

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17
Q

Identify an achievement of the Montgomery bus boycott (1955–1956)

A

The Supreme Court declared that segregation on buses and all transport services was unconstitutional and some bus services in southern states began to be desegregated

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18
Q

Identify one Phalia of the Montgomery bus boycott (1955-1956)

A

Many US states did not obey the ruling that segregation on transport services was unconstitutional

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19
Q

What type of protested civil rights campaigners use in early 1960s?

A

Non-violent direct action

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20
Q

Which fruit organisations used non-violent direct action?

A
  1. Southern Christian leadership conference (SCLC) (led by Martin Luther King).
  2. Student non-violent co-ordinating committee (SNCC)
  3. Congress of racial equality (CORE)
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21
Q

What was the main method of protest used by SNCC?

A

Sit-ins

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22
Q

Describe the sit-ins organised by SNCC

A

Between February and July 1960 students sat in whites only seats in restaurants and lunch counters, Starting in Woolworths restaurant (Greensboro North Carolina). They refused to leave the restaurants when they were refused service

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23
Q

What were the achievements of SNCC sit-ins?

A

By the end of 1960 lunch counters had been desegregated in 126 cities

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24
Q

What was the main method of protest used by CORE?

A

Freedom rides on interstate bus services (Buses travelling between states)

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25
Q

Describe the freedom rides organised by CORE

A

CORE aimed to test the Supreme Court ruling that the segregation of transport was unconstitutional. From May 1961, “freedom riders” road on buses from northern states to the south where segregation remained in place in buses and bus station facilities.

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26
Q

What were the achievements of CORE freedom rides?

A
  1. President Kennedy supported the freedom riders by sending in federal troops to protect them.
  2. In November 1961, a law desegregating interstate travel was finally enforced
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27
Q

How did people respond to freedom rides?

A

When a bus with 13 black and white CORE and SNCC Campinas arrived in Alabama a white mould attack and bombed the bus. Police chief Bull Connor did little to protect the activists.

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28
Q

What was the main method of protest

used by SCLC?

A

Marches to bring publicity for the Civil Rights movement and put pressure on the US government to pass a Civil Rights Law.

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29
Q

Describe the marches organised by

SCLC.

A

l. In 1963, a peaceful march was organised through the city of Birmingham. Alabama (described as “by far” America’s “worst big
city” for racism). This march was intended to provoke trouble.
2. In August 1963 a march was organised in Washington. Over
200,000 black people and 50.000 wtite people marched together.
Here, Martin Luther King gave his famous “l have a dream” speech

30
Q

What were the achievements of SCLC’s

marches?

A

The marches helped persuade the government to pass the Civil Rights Act in 1964.

31
Q

How did people respond to the SCLC’s

marches?

A

1 .As expected, the local police in Birmingham responded with violence, using water cannon and setting dogs on protestors. 500 young marchers were held in custod.y
2. Violence against the black community continued (e.g. the KKK
bombed a black church in September 1963. killing four young girls).
3. The March in Washington impressed TV audiences across the world and encouraged support for desegregation among the
American people.

32
Q

Why did the Black Power movement

emerge in the late 1960s?

A

I. Non-violent protest was criticized for being too slow in bringing about changes.

  1. The Civil Rights movement was criticized for not doing enough to solve the problems in the ghettos in northern cities.
  2. Martin Luther King was criticized for aiming for integration between black Americans and white Americans.
33
Q

Identify three groups in the Black Power

movement, and their leaders.

A

SNCC - Stokely Carmichael
Nation of Islam - Malcolm X (leading figure)
Black Panthers - Hue Newton

34
Q

What did SNCC achieve in the campaign for Black Power? in the

A
  1. Set up “Freedom Cities” (1966-1968) where black people were involved in electing police chiefs and school boards, giving black people greater control and influence over their communities.
  2. Demonstrated the importance of black culture (e.g. the Afro hair-style became a symbol of black identity and beauty).
35
Q

What did the Nation of Islam achieve in

the campaign for Black Power?

A

Created many businesses, such as restaurants, bakeries and grocery stores, which gave black people rare employment opportunities in the ghettos.

36
Q

What did the Black Panthers achieve in

the campaign for Black Power?

A
  1. Tried to stop pofice brutality towards black Americans by setting up street patrols.
  2. Set up free clinics in the ghettos to advise on health, welfare and legal rights (e.g. by 1974 the health clinics were treating 200,000 people a year).
  3. Set up a Free Breakfast programme which fed 10,000 black children every day.
  4. Set up Liberation Schools to provide literacy and numeracy classes to schoolchildren and to adults who had little education, Black history classes helped to inspire self-respect and black pride.
37
Q

What were the aims of the Black Power

movement?

A

l. Improve education, living and working conditions in the northern ghettos.
2. To provide services so the black community could look after their own community, rather than rely on outside help.
3. To empower black people to fight for a better life and give them greater control of the communities they live in.
4. Self-defense against police brutality

38
Q

What caused a series of riots to break

out in black ghettos in the mid-1960s?

A
  1. Poverty and bad housing
  2. Lack of education and employment opportunities
  3. Lack of welfare
39
Q

Describe what happened in Los Angeles in 1965.

A

A race riot in Watts area of LA.

40
Q

Under which American President were

most Civil Rights laws passed?

A

President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-69)

41
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act (1964) state?

A

It outlawed segregation and gave the American

government the power to enforce integration. Discrimination in public places and the workplace was made illegal.

42
Q

What impact did the Civil Rights Act

(1964) have on black Americans?

A

1 . By 1965, 53 cities had been desegregated across the south.
2. By 1968, black unemployment was 7%, which was not much higher than white unemployment at 5%.

43
Q

What did the Voting Rights Act (1965)

state?

A

It gave the government the power to inspect voting

procedures to make sure that black people were able to register to vote. It also ended literacy tests

44
Q

What impact did the Voting Rights Act

(1965) have on black Americans?

A
  1. After 1965, black mayors had been elected to five major US cities.
  2. By 1 966, only four southern states had less than 50% of their black
    citizens registered to vote.
45
Q

What did the Education Act (1965)

state?

A

Government funding was used to provide all children with fair and equal opportunities in education. The Acts also aimed to encourage teachers to work in poorer areas.

46
Q

What impact did the Education Act

(1965) have on black Americans?

A

I. By the end of the 1960s, the percentage of black students with a high-school diploma had increased from 40% to 60%.
2. Four times as many black students attended college and university during the late-1960s

47
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act (1968)

state?

A

It was illegal to discriminate when selling and renting housing.

48
Q

What were the limitations of the Civil

Rights Act 1968 ?

A

1 . The government had no power to enforce the law.

49
Q

What were the five limitations of all the

Civil Rights laws passed in the 1960s?

A
  1. Police brutality continued against civil rights campaigners. E.g. a voting march was organised in Selma, Alabama in 1965. as only 2.4% of black adults were registered to vote. The marchers were brutally
    attacked by police who used clubs and tear gas.
  2. By 1968, 58% of black schoolchildren remained in segregated schools.
  3. By 1966, four southern states still had less than 50% of their black citizens registered to vote.
  4. In 1977, discrimination still occurred in 21% of housing transactions, and many poor African Americans stilt lived in substandard housing.
  5. Attitudes were slow to change. In 1967.52% of American people said that integration was happening too fast.
50
Q

Why did the Women’s Liberation
Movement (Feminist Movement) start in
the 1960s? (Identify three reasons)

A
  1. Betty Friedan published her book The Feminine Mystique (1963) and encouraged people to question the traditional female role in society.
  2. Achievements of the Civil Rights Campaign and made women confident that they could also win greater rights.
  3. Women had taken on new roles during WWII, but often lost these in the 1950s and women wanted to campaign for the opportunities the had had during the war.
51
Q

What law was passed in 1963?

A

The Equal Pay Act

52
Q

What did the Equal Pay Act (1963)

state?

A

By law, women should be paid the same amount as men for doing the same job and women could challenge unequal pay in court.

53
Q 
What were the limitations of the Equal 
Pay Act (1963)?
A

Employers could still pay men more if they had worked in the job for longer of if they had more qualifications.

54
Q

What methods did women use to
campaign for equal opportunities and
pay in the workplace?

A
  1. Petitions
  2. Threatened to take employers to court
  3. Went on strike
55
Q

What evidence was there that women

continued to receive unequal pay?

A

In 1972, women’s average pay was 70% of men’s average

pay.

56
Q

What organisation was formed in 1966?

A

The National Organisation for Women (NOW)

57
Q

What did NOW create in 1967?

A

A Bill of Rights, which they argued that women in America should have.

58
Q

Identify four rights for women that NOW

campaigned for.

A

I. Equal Rights Amendment (to the American Constitution)

  1. Equal education
  2. An end to sex discrimination in employment
  3. The right for women to control their reproductive lives
59
Q

When did the Supreme Court make contraception available to unmarried couples ?

A

1972

60
Q

What impact did access

contraception (1972) have on women?

A

It gave them control over their reproductive lives.

61
Q

What was the name of the Supreme

Court decision made in 1973?

A

Roe v Wade

62
Q

What did the Roe v Wade (1973) ruling

state?

A

Abortion was legal and a fundamental right for women

63
Q

Identify two impacts of the Roe v Wade

(1973) ruling

A
  1. Individual states could no longer declare abortion illegal.
  2. All women had the right to have an abortion.
64
Q

When was the Equal Rights Amendment

suggested?

A

1972

65
Q

How would the Equal

Amendment (1972) have benefited women, if it had been introduced?

A

It would have given women equal rights to men in law

66
Q

What happened to the Equal Rights

Amendment (1972)?

A

It was dropped, and never added to the American

Constitution.

67
Q

Why did the Equal Rights Amendment

(1972) fail?

A

Not enough American states supported it (even though

Congress did).

68
Q

Why did many Americans oppose women being given greater rights?

A
  1. Many women were happy with their status in society
    (especially if they were wealthier).
  2. Many religious groups used the Bible to justify male
    domination in society.
  3. Many Americans opposed abortion for moral and religious reasons.
  4. Many Americans were concerned that contraception and
    abortion would lead to more people having sex outside
    marriage
69
Q

Identify three success of the Women’s Liberation Movement in the 1960s and
1970s.

A

l. Women gained greater control over their reproductive
lives.
2. Women gained greater equality in the workplace.
Liberation Movement in the 1960s and 1970s.
3. Groups (such as NOW) brought attention and publicity to the need for greater rights for women.

70
Q

Identify three failures of the Women’s Liberation Movement in the 1960s and 1970s

A

l. Women failed to get the Equal Rights Amendment added to the American Constitution.
2. Employers could still get away with paying women less than men.
3. Many people’s attitudes didn’t change, and sexism
remained in American society.

History (6 decks)

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