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Civil rights Flashcards

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1
Q

Jim Crow laws

A

enforced segregation across southern states during 1890 -1910

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2
Q

Plessy v Ferguson

A

1896- Ruled that ‘separate but equal’ was constitutional

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3
Q

Smith v. Allwright

A

1944 - Abolished the Texas white primary (primary elections which only white people were allowed to vote)

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4
Q

Morgan v. Virginia

A

1946-Segregation banned on interstate travel

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5
Q

Sweatt v. Painter

A

1950 - Ruled that graduate education provision should be equal

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6
Q

Brown v. Board of education Topeka

A

1954- segregation in education banned

  • black Americans believed this was the beginning of the end of segregation
  • middle class whites set up the white citizens council which demanded segregation in local schools and raised money to help support white schools which decided to become private to avoid desegregation
  • white citizens council also campaigned for politicians who agreed with segregation
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7
Q

Brown II

A

1955 - Desegregation of education should proceed ‘with all deliberate speed’

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8
Q

Browder v. Gayle

A

1956 - Ends segregation on buses

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9
Q

Cooper v. Aaron

A

1958 - Made it illegal to create laws delaying desegregation of schools

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10
Q

Boynton v. Virginia

A

1960 - Desegregate interstate bus terminals

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11
Q

Weeks v. Southern bell

A

1969 - First successful prosecution of sexual discrimination in the work place

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12
Q

13th amendment

A

1865 - Slavery Abolished

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13
Q

14th Amendment

A

1868 - citizenship guaranteed for all races and gave all citizens equal protection of the law

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14
Q

15th Amendment

A

1870 - Voting rights guaranteed for all races

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15
Q

NAACP founded

A

1909 - Founded with the aim of fighting discrimination by providing legal support for black citizens, opposing segregation through the courts

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16
Q

CORE founded

A

1942 - created to fight for equality for black Americans. Organised sit-ins during the war

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17
Q

SCLC founded

A

1957 - aimed to widen participation in civil rights movement; did not take individual members

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18
Q

SNCC founded

A

1960 - Student led organisation to coordinate protests

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19
Q

NIYC founded

A

1960 - National Indian Youth Council

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20
Q

MAPA founded

A

1960- Mexican American Political Association

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21
Q

SDS founded

A

1960 - Students for a democratic society, aimed to challenge the culture of big business and government power.

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22
Q

FSM founded

A

1964 - free speech movement

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23
Q

OAAU set up

A

1964 - malcolm x set up the organisation for Afro American unity

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24
Q

National Advisory Council on Indian Education founded

A

1965 - aimed to increase literacy rates amongst Native Americans

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25
Q

Black Panther party founded

A

1966 -published the ten point program

26
Q

YCCA established

A

1966 - young Chicanos for Community Action

27
Q

Truman

A

1945 - 1953 Democrat

28
Q

Eisenhower

A

1953 - 1961 Republican, believed black people should be patient and civil rights campaigns would do more harm than good. Did not support the brown ruling but supported little rock. Sent two civil right bills to congress to make it easier for black people to vote.

29
Q

Kennedy

A

1961 - 1963 Democrat disagreed with the methods of the campaigners but became more supportive after Birmingham campaign

30
Q

Johnson

A

1963 - 1969 Democrat, helped pass civil rights act and voting rights act, critical of Chicago and poor peoples campaign

31
Q

Congress

A

opposed to almost all legal changes concerned with civil rights (exceptions - civil rights act and voting rights acts), deliberately sabotaged both of Eisenhower’s civil rights bills

32
Q

FBI

A

Undermined the civil rights movement, thought civil rights organisations link to communist party. set up COINTELPRO the counter intelligence program to investigate radical groups

33
Q

7 Key Reasons for civil rights movement take off

A
  • Increasing involvement of the Federal Government
  • The Second World war
  • growth of black middle class
  • Start of the cold war
  • The television revolution and media
  • Industrial revolution in the South
  • decolonisation in Africa and Asia
34
Q

Increasing involvement of the federal Government

A
  • 1954 the supreme court voted 9-0 on Brown v. Board of education in Topeka (overturned Plessy v. Ferguson)
  • little support from Eisenhower’s administration
  • quite bit of support from Kennedy’s administration
  • full support from Johnson’s administration
  • Positions were starting to be given to African Americans
  • in 16 northern states they held balance of power and 2 African Americans were voted into congress
35
Q

The second world war

A
  • involved many African Americans, many reached high positions and felt they deserved the same rights they were fighting for other people
  • showed and altered the opinion, that whites were not inherently inferior
  • many white soldiers changed there opinion
36
Q

Growth of the black middle class

A
  • Number was even growing in the south, good example were the Rice and King Families.
  • Many were fighting for education issues, such as Brown
  • more were getting into further education
37
Q

The US/Soviet cold war

A
  • The soviet Union was well aware of US race relation and often used it as a part of their propaganda
  • This caused government support because they didn’t want US to be seen in a negative way
  • Many were more scared of the alternatives such as seeking help else where and the use of more drastic methods
38
Q

Media

A
  • 1950 fewer than 8% of US households owned tv’s
  • by 1957, 78% of households owned at least one tv
  • key events were televised creating bad publicity for the white racists
39
Q

Industrialisation in the south

A
  • Johnson offered space program to the south but it had to be desegregated
  • Government wanted to invest in the south but many wanted factories to be desegregated
  • Segregated factories were more expensive
40
Q

Decolonisation

A

Inspiration for African Americans because elsewhere black people were running there own countries

41
Q

Living conditions statistics showing little change

A

-1940-56 in Washington 40% of houses for African Americans were substandard whilst only 12% of white housing was

42
Q

Voting statistics showing little change

A

-1940-46 only 15% of African Americans could vote in the south (before war 2%)

43
Q

employment statistics showing little change

A
  • unlikely to get equal pay and less likely to be employed or promoted
44
Q

Montgomery Bus boycott

A
  • 1955-6
  • to desegregate public transport
  • Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give her seat to a white man
  • lasted a year and 85% of African Americans were involved
  • NAACP (SCLC formed)
  • Browder v. Gayle (1956)
45
Q

Little Rock Campaign

A
  • 1957
  • by 1957 only 750 out of 6300 school districts were desegregated in the south (or 12%)
  • NAACP wanted to speed up desegregation of schools and test Brown and Brown II
  • enrolled 9 African American students into little rock high school
  • Governor Faubus used national guard to prevent students from entering
  • Eisenhower ordered national guard to protect the students so Faubus closed all the schools in Little Rock
  • Cooper v. Aaron (1958) made it illegal to prevent desegregation
46
Q

Civil rights Act (1957)

A
  • Established a commission on civil rights to monitor the voting rights of black Americans
  • Individuals found guilty of preventing black Americans from voting would face a fine of $1000 or 6 month jail sentence
47
Q

Greensboro sit-ins

A

-1960
-SCLC aimed to desegregate public places
- 4 students refused to leave the ‘white only’ counter at woolworths
-by 4th day numbers had grown to 300
within a week similar protests were occurring across the southern states
-beginning of 1961, 70,000 people black and white had taken part in demostrations against segregation
-end of 1961 810 towns had desegragated
- by the end of 1963, sit ins had occurred in 200 cities and 161 of these had desegregated

48
Q

Civil Rights Act (1960)

A
  • extended the powers of the commission on civil rights by requiring local authorities to keep records of voter registration
  • ineffective, only 3% increase in black voters
  • and in 1963, only 4% of black citizens voted in the south
49
Q

Freedom rides

A
  • 1961
  • to test Morgan v. Virginia and Boynton v. Virginia
  • 7 black and 6 white people took bus journeys across the south
  • white racists fire bombed the bus
  • involved CORE, SCLC and SNCC
  • by September 1961 all signs enforcing segregation were removed from interstate travel
50
Q

Albany Movement

A
  • 1961 -2
  • total end to segregation
  • sit ins and rallies ect.
  • Chief police Pritchett told police to treat protesters well and even paid for MLK to be released from prison
  • Pritchett made general promises to end segregation but these led to little change
51
Q

The Birmingham campaign

A
  • 1963
  • To end segregation in shopping areas and public places
  • The SCLC recruited children to protest to gain media attention
  • relied on local police chief ‘Bull’ Connor response of violence
  • images of police fire hosing children was shown all over the world
  • departments stores were desegregated
  • Kennedy announced a bill to end segregation once and for all
52
Q

March on Washington

A
  • 1963
  • aimed to pressure Kennedy to sign civil rights act
  • March to Lincoln memorial
  • 250,000 attended, 20% being white
  • involved SCLC, SNCC, CORE and NAACP
  • Kennedy began work on a civil rights act
53
Q

Civil rights act (1964)

A
  • Passed by Johnson

- outlawed all segregation, enforced desegregation, made the fair employment practice commission

54
Q

Mississippi freedom rides

A
  • 1964
  • to increase voter registration
  • set up freedom schools
  • 17,000 tried to register to vote but only 1600 succeeded in registering to vote
  • black people were told the could not vote in the democratic primary election for the 1964 election
  • 37 black churches were fire-bombed and 3 civil rights workers were killed during the campaign
55
Q

Selma Campaign

A
  • 1965
  • only 1 % of African Americans were registered to vote in Selma
  • SCLC and SNCC planned a march from Selma to Montgomery to mark the 10th anniversary of bus boycott
  • The first attempt failed when police stopped protesters just outside Selma
  • Second attempt failed because Johnson forced MLK to turn around just outside of Selma
  • Third attempt 25,000 people marched to Montgomery
56
Q

Voting Rights Act

A
  • 1965
  • outlawed all tests that prevented American citizens voting and gave the federal government power to oversee all voter registration
  • Mississippi and Selma had shown problems facing black people wanting to register to vote so Johnson could pass act
  • number of black voters increased from 4 million in 1960 to 6 million in 1965
  • more black people were elected into government positions such as 1967, Hatcher was elected mayor of Gary, Indiana
  • by 1966, four southern states had fewer than 50% of their black citizens registered to vote
57
Q

What did MLK stand for?

A
  • Christianity
  • Redemptive non violence
  • Racial equality
  • Integration
  • co-option of state and federal authorities
58
Q

Key Movements for MLK

A 
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Setting up SCLC
Albany movement
Birmingham campaign
Washington March
Selma 
Opposition to Vietnam war
Chicago demonstrations
Poor Peoples March
59
Q

Who disliked MLK

A 
KKK
White citizens Council
FBI
Malcolm X and the nation of Islam
after 1967, Johnson
SNCC
60
Q

CORE’s journey of Reconciliation (1947)

A
  • 1947
  • 16 white and black CORE activists planned to travel by bus from the northern states to the southern states
  • aimed to draw attention to how many southern bus companies were ignoring the Morgan v. Virginia ruling
  • 12 CORE members were arrested and the journey failed to force desegregation of interstate bus services, such as in north Carolina
61
Q

Emmett Till

A
  • 1955
  • murdered in mississipi at the age of 14
  • for being suspected of flirting with a white woman
  • murderers were found not guilty by an all-white jury
62
Q

Katzenbach v. McClung

A

1964 - ruled unanimously that the section of the Civil Rights Act (1964) requiring restaurants to serve customers regardless of race was constitutional - major victory for civil rights

History (4 decks)

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