civil rights 2.2: peaceful protests and their impacts Flashcards
who organised march in birmingham
mlk and the sclc
when was birmingham
1963
which city did mlk describe as the ‘most segregated city in the united states
birmingham, alabama
who was the chief of police in birmingham
eugene ‘bull’ connor
what did mlk want to happen in birmingham
for bull connor to use violence (as he did towards the freedom riders) against the non-violent protestors to gain sympathy and media attention
what non-violent protest were used in birmingham
- sit-ins
- meetings
- protest marches
- boycotts
how many children were arrested for joining the marches
900
what did connor order police to do to try and get rid of the protestors
set huge water cannons and dogs on the protestors
how did wider us react to the violence in birmingham
shocked and sympathised with protestors
what were the achievements at birmingham
- desegregation of department stores
- media coverage of police violence
- kennedy forced to back desegregation bill
- 143 cities to desegregate
what was the significance of birmingham
- ussr showed news coverage - embarrassing!
- won lots of white support
- opponents to civil rights less willing to use violence
- white violence increase - KKK bombed a black church killing 4 black girls
when was the march on washington for jobs and freedom
1963
who arranged the march on washington
SCLC, SNCC, CORE, NAACP
what did the march on washington commemorate
100 years since the end of slavery
to persuade JFK to pass a civil rights act
how many people attended the march on washington
250,000
what famous speech was made at the march of washington
‘i have a dream’ speech by martin luthor king
what were the achievements of washington
- event seen as success
- large crowd
- king as final speaker gave iconic speech
what was the significance of washington
- march showed unity of civil rights movement in its call for desegregation
- positive media attention ensured white support (50,000) marchers were white
what were freedom schools
pop-up schools for black school children to address racial inequalities
who ran freedom schools
volunteers (including 1000 white college students)
how did the KKK react to freedom schools
burned crosses, churches and homes
attacked volunteers
when was freedom summer
summer 1964
where was freedom summer
mississippi
what was the aim of freedom summer
arranged by CORE, NAACP + SNCC
aimed to better voting rights in mississippi
what happened during the summer
3 students were killed by the KKK following a tipoff from the police
by late ‘69 over 70,000 students took part
what were the achievements of freedom summer
- johnson proposed legislation to remove right of states to impose voting restrictions
- opposed in deep south but won
- empowered government to register those denied vote on state lists
how did presidents kennedy and johnson support civil rights
- appointed black americans to high-level government jobs
- backed the civil rights bill
- sent in federal troops to enforce desegregation
what programs did johnson run
‘great society program’
what did johnsons great society program aim to do
ending poverty and racial injustice
when was the civil rights act signed
1964
what did the civil rights act 1964 achieve
- banned segregation of public spaces and facilities
- outlawed racial discrimination in employment
- set up new organisation to enforce desegregation
what were limitations of the 1964 civil rights act
- did not address black voting rights in south
- did not address causes of poverty for black americans
- 4 yrs later, 58% of black children were in segregated schools
what % of selmas population were black in 1964
50%
what % of selmas black population were allowed to vote
1%at
when were the selma marches
1965
march from selma to montgomery alabama
why did the selma marches take place
to dramatize the need for federal registration law for voters
what was the name of selmas hardliner police chief
jim clark
what was the march on selma known as
bloody sunday
what happened during bloody sunday
marchers attacked with tear gas and clubs
forced back to selma
how did johnson intervene on bloody sunday
ordered state national guard to escort marchers from selma to montgomery
how many people attended the next march on 21-24 march
led by mlk
25,000
what were the achievements at selma
- august 1965 voting rights act
- legislation empowered national government to register those who the states refused to put on the voting list
when was the voting rights act passed
1965
what did the voting act achieve
- outlawed literacy tests
- set up body to monitor voting registration
how many of the us southern staters had less than half their black population registered to vote by 1966
4/13
