Civil Liberties & Rights Flashcards
Amendment 13
[Proposed by Congress on Jan. 13, 1865; declared ratified on Dec. 18, 1865.]
Section 1: [Abolition of slavery]
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for time whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the U.S., or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2: [Power to enforce this article]
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Amendment 14
[Proposed by Congress on June 13, 1866; declared ratified on July 28, 1868.]
Section 1: [Citizenship rights not to be abridged by states]
All persons born or naturalized in the U.S., and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the U.S. and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the U.S.; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, and property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2: [Apportionment of representative in congress]
Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice- President of the U.S., Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the member of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being 21 years of age, and citizens of the U.S. or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 21 years of age in such state.
Amendment 15
[Proposed by Congress on Feb. 26, 1869; declared ratified on March 30, 1870.]
Section 1: [Negro suffrage]
The right of citizens of the U.S. to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2: [Power to enforce this article]
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Amendment 17
[Proposed by Congress on May 13, 1912; declared ratified on May 31, 1913.]
[Popular election of senators]
The Senate of the U.S. shall be composed of 2 Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for 6 years; and each Senator shall have 1 vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for elector of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chose before it become valid as part of the Constitution.
Amendment 19
[Proposed by Congress on June 4, 1919; declared ratified on August 26, 1920.]
[Woman suffrage]
The right of citizens of the U.S. to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or by any State on account of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Amendment 23
[Proposed by Congress on June 16, 1960; declared ratified on March 29, 1961.]
Section 1: [Electoral college votes for the District of Columbia]
The District constituting the seat of Government of the U.S. shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct:
A number of electors of President and Vice-President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice-President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the 12th article of amendment.
Section 2: [Power to enforce this article]
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Amendment 24
[Proposed by Congress on August 27, 1962; declared ratified on January 23, 1964.]
Section 1: [Anti-Poll tax]
The right of citizens of the U.S. to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice-President, for electors for President or Vice-President, or for Senator or Representative of Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.
Section 2: [Power to enforce this article]
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Amendment 26
[Proposed by Congress on March 23, 1971; declared ratified on July 1, 1971.]
Section 1: [18 year old vote]
The right of citizens of the U.S., who are 18 years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or by any State on account of age.
Section 2: [Power to enforce this article]
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Article VIII(8). Mexican citizens who remain in the ceded territories must, within one year, choose Mexican citizenship or U.S. citizenship. If persons do not choose, they shall be considered as U.S. citizens. Article IX(9). Those who do not remain Mexican citizens "shall be incorporated into the Union of the U.S., and be admitted at the proper time (to be judged of the Congress of the U.S.) to the enjoyment of all the rights of citizens of the U.S., according to the principles of the Constitution; and in the mean time, shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty and property, and secured in the free exercise of their religions without restriction."
1924 Indian Citizenship Act
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the U.S. of America in Congress assembled, That all non-citizen Indians born within the territorial limits of the U.S. be, and they are hereby, declared to be citizens of the U.S.: Provided, That the granting of such citizenship shall not in any manner impair or otherwise affect the rights of any Indian to tribal or other property.
PL 68-175 authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to issue certificates of citizenship to Indians.
