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Finals Exam > Civil Engineering Orientation Module 5 : Water Resources Engineering > Flashcards

Civil Engineering Orientation Module 5 : Water Resources Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

is a specialty dealing with the use of water in support of modern living, including the agricultural, industrial, domestic, recreational, and environmental needs.

A

Water Resources Engineering

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2
Q

The process where water is conserved and neither created nor destroyed

A

Hydrologic Cycle

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3
Q

occurs when atmospheric moisture becomes too great to remain suspended in the clouds.

A

Precipitation

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4
Q

greatest source of precipitation, about 90%

A

Ocean Evaporation

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5
Q

predominant form of precipitation and its distribution over the world or within a country.

A

Rainfall

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6
Q

is the water that flows across the land surface after a storm event.

A

Runoff

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7
Q

Portion of the precipitation falling on land surface which does not flow as runoff gets stored as either water bodies like Lakes, Reservoirs and Wetlands or as sub-surface water body, called groundwater.

A

Storage

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8
Q

sub-surface water body.

A

Groundwater

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9
Q

water infiltrating through the soil cover of a land surface and travelling further to reach the huge body of water underground.

A

Groundwater Storage

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10
Q

Large, naturally occurring inland body of water.

A

Lakes

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11
Q

Artificial or natural inland body of water used to store water to meet demands.

A

Reservoirs

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12
Q

Natural or artificial areas of shallow water or saturated soils that contain or could support.

A

Wet Lands

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13
Q

Combination of evaporation and transpiration. It includes all evaporation from water and land surfaces, as well as transpiration from plants.

A

Evapotranspiration

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14
Q

Recuperation of groundwater to increase table elevation.

A

Groundwater Recharge

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15
Q

Deals with the design of artificial waterways and manage water movement

A

Hydraulic Engineering

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16
Q

a term that describes both liquid and gas.

A

Fluid

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17
Q

Results from different molecular bonding condition at the free surface compared to bonds within the liquid.

A

Surface Tension

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18
Q

enables water to resist tensile stress.

A

Cohesion

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19
Q

enables water to adhere to another body.

A

Adhesion

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20
Q

property of liquids that results from surface tension in which the liquid rises up or is depressed down a thin tube.

A

Capillarity

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21
Q

weight per unit volume

A

Specific Weight

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22
Q

mass per unit volume.

A

Density

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23
Q

Liquid is the ratio of its specific weight to that of pure water at a standard temperature and should not be confused with specific weight.

A

Specific Gravity

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24
Q

Study of water at rest.

A

Hydrostatics

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25
Q

A simple tube connected to a body of water with its other end open to the atmosphere.

A

Piezometer

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26
Q

Measures high pressure by a heavy liquid such as mercury.

A

Manometer

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27
Q

Uplifting force exerted by water on a submerged solid object.

A

Buoyancy

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28
Q

Study of water in motion.

A

Hydrodynamics or Hydrokinetics

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29
Q

The rate of change of position of the water particles.

A

Velocity

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30
Q

The average speed of all the particles crossing an imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of motion at a particular location along the conduit.

A

Velocity of Flow

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31
Q

Describes the amount of water passing through an plane per unit time.

A

Discharge

32
Q

Smooth flow of water with relatively low velocity.

A

Laminar Flow

33
Q

Rougher flow with pulsating crosscurrents within the conduit.

A

Turbulent Flow

34
Q

Discharge is unchanged over time.

A

Steady Flow

35
Q

Relatively rapid change of discharge.

A

Unsteady Flow

36
Q

Cross-sectional area of the conduit remains constant.

A

Uniform Flow

37
Q

Change in pipe size and flow.

A

Nonuniform Flow

38
Q

Used to describe the energy of water in solving hydraulic problems.

A

Energy Head

39
Q

Described as potential energy head and has length units.

A

Potential Energy

40
Q

Described as kinetic energy, called velocity head, and also has units of length

A

Kinetic Energy

41
Q

Recuperation of groundwater to increase table elevation.

A

Groundwater Recharge

42
Q

Potential energy per unit weight of a mass of water due to the height of the water above some datum.

A

Position Head

43
Q

Potential energy per unit weight of a mass of water due to the pressure exerted from above.

A

Pressure Head

44
Q

Kinetic energy per unit weight of a mass of water due to kinetic energy resulting from its motion.

A

Velocity Head

45
Q

Loss of energy per unit weight of a mass of water due to friction and turbulence.

A

Head Loss

46
Q

Structures that use hydraulic principles to control the flow of water.

A

Hydraulic Devices

47
Q

Hole in the wall of a container through which water may flow.

A

Orifice

48
Q

Point where flow lines are parallel and closest together

A

Vena Contracta

49
Q

Regulates the flow of water out of an impoundment or reservoir.

A

Weir

50
Q

Study of the mechanics of water flowing in open conduits.

A

Open Channel Hydraulics

51
Q

This is the major cause of flooding extensive areas as a result of heavy rains in the catchment areas as well as local areas thereby increasing the river levels.

A

River Flooding

52
Q

This result due to heavy rains in hilly areas which cause local rivers and small streams to rise to dangerous levels within a short period of time say 6 to 12 hours. Heavy and continuous rains in local areas can cause flash floods.

A

Flash Floods

53
Q

Local heavy rains up to 100 mm or more in a day over the city and larger towns can cause damaging and disruptive flooding due to poor or choked drainage and rapid runoff.

A

Urban Flooding

54
Q

This result mostly due to tropical disturbances, developing to cyclones and crossing surrounding coastlines. Cyclone induced storm surges have devastating consequences in coastal areas and such surge induced floods may extend many kilometers inland.

A

Storm Surge or Tidal Flooding

55
Q

Due to poor maintenance and due to exceptionally high precipitation a severe flood may result causing failure of the dam. This causes a surging water front travelling with high velocity causing destruction of properties and loss of life.

A

Floods Arising due to Failure of Dam

56
Q

Can be classified into short-term and long-term measures depending on the nature and extent of flooding and local conditions

A

Flood Management Measures

57
Q

Adopted for giving quick results when immediate relief to some pockets or locations is felt necessary.

A

Short-term Measures

58
Q

The effectiveness of short-term effects are dependent on these.

A

Long-term Measures

59
Q

Keep water away from the potential damage areas.

A

Modify Flooding by Structural Means

60
Q

Keep people away from inundated areas

A

Flood Forecasting

61
Q

Regulations are framed to avoid undesirable or unwise rise of food plains.

A

Modify Susceptibility to Flood Damage

62
Q

Provided in storage dams for safe disposal of the excess water flowing into the reservoir after it has filled up.

A

Spillways

63
Q

Permit controlled release of surplus water in excess of the reservoir capacity.

A

Controlled Crest Spillway

64
Q

Come into action immediately after the water level reaches the crest of the spillway.

A

Uncontrolled or Automatic Crest Spillway

65
Q

Act as orifices under partial control of gates and as open crest weirs when full gate openings are made.

A

Overfall Spillways

66
Q

Commonly adopted for Earth dams.

A

Chute Spillways

67
Q

Most suitable for narrow canyons.

A

Side Channel and Shaft Spillways

68
Q

Usually used to provide approximately constant headwater flow under varying flow.

A

Siphon Spillways

69
Q

Auxiliary spillway provided to take care of the possibility of having a flood geater than the spillway design flood.

A

Emergency Spillway

70
Q

Used in farming to enable plants to grow when there is not enough rain, particularly in arid areas.

A

Irrigation-

71
Q

the total required water for crop growth is not uniformly distributed over its entire life span.

A

Crop Period

72
Q

the watering stops same time before harvest and the time duration from the first irrigation during sowing up to the last before harvest.

A

Base Period

73
Q

sometimes, in the initial stages before the crop is sown, the land is very dry. In such cases, the soil is moistened with water as to helps in sowing the crops.

A

Paleo Irrigation

74
Q

is used to describe the watering given to a crop when the plants are still young. It is usually the maximum single watering required, and other watering are done at usual intervals.

A

Kor watering

75
Q

the total depth of water required to raise a crop over a unit area of land.

A

Delta

Finals Exam (6 decks)

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