Citzenship Flashcards
Migration and Net migration
Migration
- Refers to the movement of someone into or out of a Country or geographical area.
People who migrate are known as migrants
Several reasons for migrating
- Opportunity
- Jobs
- Economical Climate
- Education
- Recreation
Net migration
Refers to a Calculation to measure movement of migrants
Migration in - Migration out
If a positive number then there is a greater number of movement than out of and Vice Versa.
Values in democracies
The values in democracies are rights to free and fair elections, Rights to representation and to vote or abstain your vote for a political belief.
Not all Nations who have a “democracy” are democratic
Lobbying
The ways you can lobby your local MP or a Chair of a specific council is via:
- Writing a Letter to them
- Writing an Email to them
- Attending a Surgery or meeting
- Voicing your concerns online.
Lobbying is crucial to staying aware and voicing your issues or beliefs.
Paper 2 | Key Legislation and Rights
Rights of a Women
- Act of 1928 granted voting rights to women and men.
- Equal Pay act 1970 Made it unlawful to pay women less for doing the same job
- Equality act 2010 , brought together a number of existing laws. Protected against discrimination
- Sex Discrimination Act 1975 Made it unlawful to discriminate in the workplace because of gender or martial status
Racial Equality
- Race Relations Act 1965, 1968, 1975 and 2000, This banned all racial discrimination in a public place and made promotion of hatred on the grounds of Colour or race an Offence
Rights of the child
- United convention on the rights of the Child came into force in 1992. Every child in the Uk is ent9iteled to over 40 specific rights
Sexual Rights
- Sexual offence 1967 decriminalized homosexual behavior between adults
- Civil Partnership 2005; Allowed same sex couples to register their civil partnership
- Sexual offences 2003 partly replaced the early act and created new sexual offence
- Gender Recognition Act of 2004; Made provisions for individuals to legally change their gender
Paper 2 | Rights, Morals, duties and responsibilities
Rights
- The legal binding, social and ethical entitlements that are considered the building blocks of society
- All citizens within our society enjoy them equally
- Many of our day to day life revolves around the basic rights we are entitled too
- Rights are often grouped together and debates take place about human rights or children’s rights or the rights of prisoners
Morals
- Rules that govern which actions are believed morally right or wrong
- They often relate to persona behavior
- Individuals can claim their own moral duties and understanding
Duties and Responsibilities
- Duties are placed on citizens and every layer of society and determine the purpose of specific tasks.
Paper 2 | Identity
Identity can be determined of several factors and people may identify with many different groups
Individual
- Gender
- Race
- Family
- Ethical Groups
- Religion
- Education
- Employment
- Peer Group
- Location
- Culture
- Media
Group
- Employment
- Peer Group
- Social Interest
- Political Views
National
- Shared values
- Football teams
- Accents
Global
- Political, social and environmental awareness
Paper 2 | Role, Rights and Responsibilities of the media
Media
- Media refers to the forms of spreading information to a large audience of people
Rights of the Media
- In a democratic society the press has the right to be free from political or judicial interference and restrictions
- Legislation remains impartial related to different organizations and news, expectations are kept in most countries
Role of the Media
- The media informs the public on current affairs’ and provides information on complex issues
- Encourage the public debates on major issues of public concern
- Uncover abuses of power, challenge descions makers and press for change
- Campaign to create and support public opinion in regarding issues
- Ensure that a variety of pollical views and opinions are made available to the public.
Responsibility of the Media
- The media ensures that there is a balance between fact, analysis and opinion when reporting news
- work in a professional manner, ensuring reporting is as accurate as possible
Paper 2 | Traditional Vs New Media
Traditional
- Traditional media is media that has been around for an extended period of time such as news paper, television or cinema
New
- New media is the media that has just come around not from traditional resources and is advancing with time such as Social Media
Television
- Has a large industry however is dominated by specific broadcasting companies such as the BBC, Sky and ITV who dominate major news
Paper 2 | Rights to Hold to account or investigate
Ways of Holding people in power to account
- The media are one of the main ways in which those in power, such as politicians or business are held to account
Such as the partygate scandal when parties were held to account following a series of parties in 10 downing street while covid restrictions were in place
Rights to investigate
- Uk has the right to investigate issues that are to the publics interest
- Must balance freedom with their responsibility to make sure that stories are accurate and protect individual privacy
Freedom of information act 2000 allows people to gather public information about public bodies or agencies
Paper 2 | Regulation and Censorship
Press regulation is the monitoring and possibly prevention of the distribution of media sources, to ensure that the interest of the public accurate. Also used to ensure that they are following laws and restrictions over media.
Examples
Press regulation in the Uk is currently in a fluid situation following the 2011 Phone hacking scandal the government set up a royal commission
In 2012 the Commission published the Leveson Reportwhich suggested a new body is formed to monitor media.
As a result the IPSO, Independent Press Standards Organization was established which handled and investigated complaints standards and compliance.
Media sources have to sign up to the IPSO so isn’t very effective
Censorship
- The ability to suppress or prevent the publication of information.
Paper 2 | The UN and the Uk’s role in the UN
The UN
- Established in 1945 following the end of the second World War, Representatives of 51 nations drew up the United Nations Charter in New York
- UN headquarters is in New York
- All members belong to the general assembly which debates and passes resolution
- The Security council is made up of 15 countries, 5 of which are permanent members and have the ability to Veto any votes
- UN Charter set out four purposes, Maintain international peace and security, Develop friendly relations among nations, To cooperate in solving international problems and in promotion respect for human rights and finally, to be a center for harmonizing the actions of Nations
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adapted in 1948
- Today the UN is one of the most important international bodies in the world with 193 member countries
Uk’s role in the UN
- The Uk was one of the founding members of the UN
- The Uk is one of the Five permeant members of the security council, Along with **USA ,China, Russia and France
- The Uk’s influence within the UN exceeds its economic or military influence. This is a good example of the Uks soft Powers
Paper 2 | NATO and the Uk’s role in NATO
NATO
- Nato is an intergovernmental military defense alliance
- It was established in 1949
- Head quarters in Brussels, Belgium
- The organization provides a system of collective defense if a member country is attacked, other members will defend (Article 5)
- There is currently 30 Nations apart of NATO
- Nato has a large amount of partnerships and agreements with other organizations
- While Nato has never had to use its force it has been apart of the security force involved in the Afghanistan security force
- Nato has set a target for member countries to attempt to spend 2% of a Nations capital on defense
- NATO is focused on the worldwide fight against terrorism and working to counter cyber terrorism
Uk’s Role
- The UK was a founding member of NATO
- Is is the second largest contributor - financially and militarily- to NATO after the USA
Paper 2 | The EU and Impact of Brexit
The European Union
- Formally known as the European Economic Community or the Common Market
- The six founding members states who signed the Treaty of Rome 1957 were France, est Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands =, Luxembourg and Italy
- Aims to encourage European trade with one and other
- The European Parliament splits its time between Brussels ain France and Strasbourg in France
- Four Times a year, heads of government from all member states meet at the European Council to discuss the political directions and priorities of the EU
Brexit Negatives
- Many people consider the vote to leave the wrong choice
- Brexit has driven up prices in shops due to extra taxes rather than free trade
- Migrants still coming to Uk just a lot more illegal
- 350 Million told has never been paid to the NHS each week
- Trade deals with Countries such as the USA were promised but never happened or are slow to happen
Brexit Positives
- A few people say that leaving has helped personal finances
- Some People believe leaving the EU has lead to faster medical responses such as during Covid
- Will provide economical boosts
- Control over 30,000 laws
- Allows Britain stricter control over its waters for fishing
- Allows more freedom when deciding trade deals
- Reduced costs on the Nations foreign Budgets
Paper 2 | The council of Europe and Uk’s role in it.
The council of Europe
- The council of Europe is a continental leading human rights organization
- 47 Countries are Nations, of which 27 are also in the EU
- The council of Europe is not apart of the EU
- All EU countries abide by the ECHR (European Court of Human Rights)
- The ECHR is made of judges from all member countries
- Individual citizens can bring complaints of Human Rights Violations to the Strasbourg court, once all possibilities of a appeal have been exhausted in their own country
- Makes all Nations write the EHR into their legislation
UK’s role in the Council of Europe
- The UK was a founder member of the Council of Europe
- Uk legal experts played a major part in drafting the European Convention on Human Rights and in 1998 incorporated the convention into the UK law via the HRA
- In recent years, some UK politicians have stated that the UK needs its own Human rights bill rather than adopting the convention
The European Convention on Human Rights
- The convention enshrines the basic Human rights and fundamental freedoms of everyone within the jurisdiction of any member states. This includes;
- To life
- To protecting against torture and inhuman treatment
- To freedom and safety
- To a fair trial
- To respect for private and family life
- To freedom and expression, thought conscience and religion
- To freedom of a peaceful assembly and association
Paper 2 | The commonwealth and the the Uks role in the Commonwealth
The commonwealth
- The commonwealth developed after the second world war as countries formed from the former British Empire
- Many Commonwealth countries had trade, aid and cultural links with the UK that they wished to retain
- The commonwealth is a voluntary political association of member states
- Formerly known as the British Commonwealth has 2.5 Billion Citizens, 56 Member Countries
- 32 of the members are states with fewer than 1.5 Million People
- It represents about 30% of the worlds population it includes some of the richest and poorest countries in the world
- All members ust agree set out in the Commonwealth Charter
- The head of the commonwealth is the King/Queen of the UK
- Headquaters in London
- Head of governemtn of the member states meet every two years at the CHOGM
Uks role
- The Uk is the head nation
- The Uks monarch is the leader of the Commonwealth
- The headquarters is in the UK
- The Uk
Paper 2 | World Trade Organization and the Uks Role
WTO
- The WTO came into being in 1955 as the successor body to the general agreement on tariff’s and trade.
- The Uk was a member of the GATT from 1948 and joined the WTO in 1955
- The WTO has 164 member countries and headquarters is Geneva
- The WTO is the only global organization dealing with trading rules between nations
UKs role
- The UK was a founding member of the UK
- Played a major part in the development
- One of the leading members Monitoring trade and deals between Nations
Paper 2 | Uks Role in Solving Global Disputes
Role
- The Uk has played an active part in attempting to resolve international disputes and conflicts
- the method’s have varied and include mediation, humanitarian aid and sanctions and the Use of Force
- The Iraq inquiry was set up to investigate the Uks role in Iraq between 2001 and 2009 if it was lawful
Mediation
- Mediation is the process involving outsiders in a dialogue to try resolve disputes
- The Uk has been involved in Numerous mediations attempts to resolve dispute and conflicts by seeking a peaceful resolution or sponsoring international conferences that lead to a peaceful resolution
House of Commons Involvement
- Commons have had the power to vote on Military Action since 2010
- 9th September 2010, Continued deployment in Afghanistan
- 21 March 2011 Approved a no fly zone over Libya
- 29 August 2013 Military and Humanitarians action into Syria
- 26 September 2014 Approves airstrikes to support attacks against ISIS
Paper 2 | The work of Non Governmental Organizations
Work of NGOs
- Many NGOs are charities which provide service to those in need in their own country and overseas
- Many work alongside government bodies and receive governmental funding
- Disaster Emergency Committee works with a range of NGOs to provide urgent help and relief, works with 13 leading Uk aid charities in times of crisis since 1963 raised more than 1.7 Billion pounds
- NGOs are able to support humanitarian relief
- NGOs work in places of danger and are not militarily backed
Paper 2 | Principles of UK Law
Legal Certainty
- All laws in the UK must be applied in a precise and predictable manner
- Citizens must believe that the law is fair, predictable and transparent. If they do they are more likely to obey
Clear in Purpose
- Laws are formally agreed and the purpose of any law is clearly set out
- It is important that laws are enacted by due process
- Laws should be clear in their intentions
Fairness and Equality
- Every Person should have equal access to the justice system
- Fairness related to treating people equally
- The law applies to every individual in society equally
- Royal family members have also appeared in court.
Law cannot be retrospective
- Legislation cannot be pre-dated
- You cannot be tried for an action that was not unlawful at the time
- Provides certainty on the law
Due Legal process
- Must operate as laid down in Law
- Guarantees certain rights such as to a fair trial, right to defend yourself, right to be represented and right to appeal
- Fundamental part to the legal operation
Key principles
Justice
Presumption of innocence
Trial by Jury
Access to Justice
Paper 2 | Citizens involvement in the Legal Process
Citizens involvement
- Within democracy, judicial processes are ultimately based up on the consent of the people
- This is reinforced in the UK by the involvement of ordinary citizens in the operation
Ways to participate
- Participating in the jury, randomly, citizens determine the outcome on many trials
- Magistrates; Ordinary citizens can volunteer to serve as magistrates
- Special Constables; Volunteer as police officers working full time
- Police and crime commissioner publicly elected office
Paper 2 | Rules and Laws for Discrimination
- Different countries, societies and cultures have different views on legal issues such as the death penalty which is legal in the USA but Illegal in the UK
- Legislation can change when different governments take power or the situations change
- Laws relates to things with legislative backing usually punishable
Paper 2 | Roles and Powers of the Police
Operation of the Justice System
- The police
- The judiciary
- Legal Representatives
- Criminal and Civil law courts
- Tribunals and dispute resolutions
Role of the Police
- The role and responsibility of the police as laid down in the police service’s statement of common purpose is as follows:
- The purpose of the police service is to uphold the law fairly and firmly
- To prevent crime; to pursue and bring justice those who break the law
- To keep the Kings peace
- To protect, help and reassure the community
- To be seen to do this with integrity, common sense and sound judgement
Powers of the Police
- Stop and Search
A police officer has powers to stop and search if they have reasonable grounds such as the possession of drugs, a weapon, something that has or can be used to commit a crime and stolen property - Power of arrest
To arrest someone the police need reasonable grounds to suspect the person has been in a crime which arrest is necessary.
Police have the power to arrest anywhere and at any time including on the street, at home or at a workplace
When carrying out an arrest the Police mist tell the suspect why they are being arrested - Entry, search and seizure
In certain circumstances set out in the Police and Crime evidence act 1984 (PACE) the powers are to enter premises and search them to either arrest someone or seize items in connection with a crime or both.
Police usually need to obtain a warrant from the court before they can enter and search a premises
The police may seize anything which is on a premises if they have reasonable grounds for believing it has been used to commit an offence
Paper 2 | The role and powers of the Judiciary and legal reps
Role of the judiciary
- administer justice according to the law
- Pass sentences in criminal cases
- Make decisions in civil law cases
Judiciary Hierarchy
1. Lord Chief Justice : Most senior judges
2. President of the Supreme Court : Head of the Uks highest domestic appeal court
3. Justices of the Supreme Court : Judges who hear civil and criminal appeals in most senior court
4. Senior President of Tribunals : The head of the judges in the K tribunal services
5. Master of the rolls : President of the court of appeal
6. Chancellor of High Court : Head of the chancery division of the high court
7. President of the family divisions : Head of Family Justice
8. President of Kings Bench Division : Deputy of criminal Justice
9. Lord Justices of Appeal : These judges hear appeal in criminal and civil in court of appeals
10. High Court Judges : Judges hear trial and appeal cases in the High court
11. Circuit Judges : These judges hear criminal cases in Crown courts and civil in county courts
12. Recorders : Work Part time hearing criminal cases in the crown court and civil in county
13. District Judges : Hear the bulk of civil cases in the county cases
14. District Judges (Magistrates Court) : Most complex cases in Magistrates Court
15. Tribunal Judges : These judges deal with most cases brought before tribunals
16. Magistrates : Volunteers in local courts
Role of Judges
- Presides over court proceedings : Judge ensure that a court case follows agreed rules
- Interpret and apply the law : Judges have to interpret the law as drafted by parliament
- Create case law : When law is unclear judges have to make rulings
- Decide sentencing : Judges determined sentence following jury decision
Legal representatives
- Legal executives
- Solicitors
- Barristers
Paper 2 | How the different civil and criminal courts work
Criminal Courts
Court case
- The Crown Prosecution Service decided whether a case is brought on behalf of the state.
Decision
- The defendant is convicted if guilty or acquitted if not guilty. The decision is made by a jury or magistrates
Level of Proof Required
- Beyond Reasonable doubt
Burden of Proof
- The accused is innocent until proven guilty. The prosecution must prove their case. The accused does not have to prove there innocence
Sanctions
- Non-custodial or custodial sentence will be given
Appeal
- The defendant may appeal a court’s verdict in regards to either the verdicts or the sentence. It is now possible for the state to ask for the sentence to be reviewed.
Civil Courts
-Court case
- The Case or claim is brought by an individual, group or organization
Decision
- The defendant is found liable or not liable in regard to the issue
Level of Proof Required
- preponderance of evidence, evidence must be produced to support the claim
Burden of Proof
- The claimant must give proof of the claim
Sanctions
- Compensation awarded or an injunction granted
Appeal
- either party can appeal a courts decision
Paper 2 | Dispute resolution and complaints
Tribunals
Details
- Tribunals are inferior courts. They deal with a large number of cases each year
- A variety of subjects dealt with by specialized tribunals. These include employment, health and social care, pension, finance and commerce
Advantages
- Can deal with specialized issues
- Simple and informal procedure
- Can be cheaper than conventional courts
- Can be quicker than the courts system
Disadvantage
- Applicants who pay legal professionals to represent them tend to be more successful, which possibly results in inequality from those who cannot afford this option
- Reasons for decisions reached are not always easy
Ombudsmen
Details
- An Ombudsman is an official who is appointed to check on government activity on behalf of an individual citizen and to investigate complaints that are made
- This can be in a range of area, including health services, local government and housing
- Ombudsmen also operate within the private sector
Advantages
- The problem may be solved
- Can lead to recommended changes made to government agencies or public bodies
Disadvantages
- Their power are constrained by the fact that they cannot deal with matters that can be dealt with by our courts
- Complaints must be made through an elected representative and so this can be a barrier to a citizen wishing to scrutinize government actions
Types of ADR
- Mediation
- Conciliation
- Arbitration
Paper 2 | Legal Ages and difference between UK legal systems
Differing entitlements
- Historically 21 was seen as the age when a person reaches adulthood and acquired full legal rights.
- In Scotland and wales the national voting age for local councils was dropped to 16
- In the UK the national voting age remains 18 at the moment but some parties are looking to change this
Rights at 16
- You can give consent and have sex
- You can be married or live together with parents permission
- You can be prosectured for having sex with someone under 16
- You can apply for your own passport with parents consent
- You can work a full time Training Job
Rights at 18
- You have reached the age of Maturity
- You can change your name
- You can get a cheque card and a credit card
- You can have a tattoo
- You can vote
- You can participate as a Jury
Rights at 21
- You can drive certain kinds or large vehicles
- You are now entitled to full national minimum wage
- You can apply to adopt a child
- You can get certain jobs
- You can apply for a commercial license
Paper 2 | How rights and laws have developed over time
Paper 2 | The right to representation, trade union and employer associations
Paper 2 | Criminality in the UK today
Paper 2 | Factors that affect crime and crime reduction Strategies
Paper 2 | Sentencing for criminals and the Youth Justice System
Paper 2 | Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Paper 2 | European convention of Human rights and Uk human rights Act
Paper 2 | the UNCRC
Paper 2 | The council of Europe and the role in it
