Citric Acid

Question 1

glycolysis prep step takes [ ] and removes CO2 to get [ ]

Answer 1

glycolysis prep step takes pyruvate and removes CO2 to get acetyl CoA

Question 2

CAC makes [ ] NADPH

Answer 2

CAC makes 3 NADPH

Question 3

CAC makes [ ] FADH2

Answer 3

CAC makes 2 FADH2

Question 4

CAC makes [ ] ATP

Answer 4

CAC makes 1 ATP as GTP

Question 5

1 Acetyl CoA makes [ ] ATP

Answer 5

12 ATP

Question 6

Acetyl CoA is made by [ ] and [ ]

Answer 6

Acetyl CoA is made by fatty acyl and pyruvate

Question 7

pyruvate –> acetyl CoA is done by [ ] complex

Answer 7

pyruvate –> acetyl CoA is done by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Question 8

making acetyl CoA is reversible/irreversible and exergonic/endogenic reaction

Answer 8

making acetyl CoA is irreversible and exergonic reaction

Question 9

Acetyl CoA with [molecule ] use [enzyme] combine and make citrate

Answer 9

Acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate use citrate synthase to combine and make citrate

Question 10

What vitamins are involved in making citrate

Answer 10

B3 and B5

Question 11

what is B5

Answer 11

CoA and carries acetyl

Question 12

what is B3

Answer 12

oxidation and make indirect energy

Question 13

citrate —> [ ] via [enzyme]

Answer 13

citrate —> isocitrate via aconitase

Question 14

isocitrate —> [ ] via [enzyme]

Answer 14

isocitrate —> alpha-ketoglutarate via isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 15

what does the reaction that alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase catalyze release?

Answer 15

NADH and CO2

Question 16

alpha-ketoglutarate —> [ ] via [enzyme]

Answer 16

alpha-ketoglutarate —> succinyl CoA via alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Question 17

what is special about the reaction catalyzed by succinyl CoA? What type of phosphorylation does this show?

Answer 17

thioester bond broken = energy released to make GTP
Special as GTP used to make ATP
shows substrate level phosphorylation

Question 18

succinyl CoA —> [ ] via [enzyme]

Answer 18

succinyl CoA —> succinate via succinyl CoA synthetase

Question 19

succinate —> [ ] via [enzyme]

Answer 19

succinate —> fumarate via succinate dehydrogenase

Question 20

What is special about succinate dehydrogenase?

Answer 20

it is bound to the mitochondrial membrane and is involved in the ETC

Question 21

what is made from the reaction of succinate —> fumarate?

Answer 21

FAD —> FADH2

Question 22

fumarate —> [ ] via [enzyme]

Answer 22

fumarate —> malate via fumarase

Question 23

what is special about fumarase?

Answer 23

water is added to make malate

Question 24

malate —> [ ] via [enzyme]

Answer 24

malate —> oxaloacetate via malate dehydrogenase

Question 25

is malate ---> oxaloacetate endergonic or exergonic? What does it make?

Answer 25

endergonic as makes NAD ---> NADH

Question 26

What are the 4 rate-limiting steps of the citric acid cycle?

Answer 26

1. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 2. citrate synthase 3. isocitrate dehydrogenase 4. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Question 27

What inhibits PDH complex?

Answer 27

Acetyl CoA NADH ATP (as high energy)

Question 28

What activates PDH complex?

Answer 28

CoA NAD+ AMP Ca2+ (released at muscle contractions = need more energy)

Question 29

Citrate synthase is inhibited by?

Answer 29

citrate NADH ATP Succinyl CoA

Question 30

what inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase?

Answer 30

NADH ATP

Question 31

What activates isocitrate dehydrogenase?

Answer 31

ADP NAD+ Ca2+

Question 32

What activates alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?

Answer 32

Ca2+ as muscle contractions signals need for more energy

Question 33

What inhibits alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?

Answer 33

Succinyl CoA NADH ATP GTP