Citizenship AQA Paper 1 Key content Flashcards
1
Q
Concept of democracy
A
A system of government by the entire population
or a majority of eligible citizens, usually through elected representatives
2
Q
democracy key features
A
Key Features:
- regular & fair elections
- electoral system w/ secret ballot
- results = views of the people & accountable
- any citizen can stand
- media report freely
- candidates campaign = w/out fear of intimidation/bribery
- judiciary separate & can be used to hold gov. accountable
3
Q
Different forms of democracy
A
- Liberal
- direct
- Representative
4
Q
Liberal Democracy
A
- a system of government based on representative democracy
- linked to freedoms and rights for citizens.
- USA, UK and EU follow this type of democracy
5
Q
Direct democracy
A
- a system of government where all citizens take part in decision making.
- A modern example of this is the use of referendums.
6
Q
Representative democracy
A
- A system of government where citizens, elected to represent others in an assembly.
- A UK example would be an MP or a councillor
7
Q
Values underpinning democracy
A
- Rights
- Responsibilities
- Freedoms
- The Rule of Law
- Equality
8
Q
Rights
A
These are our legal, social and ethical entitlements and all citizens enjoy them equally.
This structures how government operates, the law and morality of society
e.g. Human Rights, children’s right
9
Q
Responsibilities
A
the state or fact of having to do something.
We have duties as citizens of a society.
E.g. pay taxes, obey the law, be called for jury service, conscription during war
These are not optional and underpinned by the law.
10
Q
Freedoms
A
the ability to act, speak or think as one wants.
E.g. freedom of choice, freedom of the press, freedom of movement
11
Q
Rule of Law
A
everyone must obey the law not matter who they are e.g. gender, class, wealth, religion.
12
Q
Equality
A
This is how society treats its members.
There should be equal treatment for all.
There is legislation protecting different groups e.g. Sex Discrimination Acts 1975 and 1986;
13
Q
Power of government
A
- propose new laws
- set policy agenda
- establish priorities for how country overned
- take action and make decision regarding a wide range of areas
14
Q
Balancing power
A
- checks and balances using institution (Judiciary, Legislature, Executive)
15
Q
role of parliament
A
- represent the people of the country when new laws are being made, by debating the
proposed bill. Parliament - debates current issues
- scrutinises the work of government through select committees & the questioning of ministers.
- Every Government department has a select committee that oversees its work.
16
Q
role of Prime minister
A
- appoint people to run the government department
- along with cabinet forms executive branch
- the leader of His Majesty’s Government
- esponsible for the policy and decisions of the government.
- oversees the operation of the Civil Service and government agencies.
17
Q
role of cabinet
A
The Cabinet is the team of 20 or so most senior ministers in the Government who are
chosen by the Prime Minister to lead on specific policy areas such as Health, Transport,
Foreign Affairs or Defence.
18
Q
sovereignty of Parliament
A
– Only Parliament can make and change laws.
19
Q
the roles of the legislature
A
- Another name for Parliament which can make laws.
This can be done through the House of Commons or House of Lords.
= all MP’s and Peers - hold executive to account
20
Q
roles of the opposition
A
the largest political party in the House of Commons that is not in government.
- The leader of this party takes the title Leader of the Opposition.
- The role of the Official Opposition is to question and scrutinise the work of the Government
21
Q
role of political parties
A
- representation
- recruit and train leaders
- educate the public and facilitate debates
22
Q
role of the monarch
A
- head of state
- appoint the Prime Minister, and all the other ministers (Kinda)
to open new sessions of parliament
give royal assent to bills passed by parliament, signifying that they have become law. - (mainly ceremonial)
23
Q
role of the judiciary
A
- protecting human rights
- interpreting and applying the law enacted by Parliament
24
Q
role of the police
A
One of the main duties of a police officer is to protect people and property. They are usually assigned areas
to patrol (this can include entire jurisdictions), emergency call response, law enforcement and arrests,
reprimanding and, testifying in court cases.
25
role of the civil service
The Civil Service is based upon three core principles:
1. Impartiality – Civil Service serves the Crown and not a specific government.
2. Anonymity - They should not be identified or associated with specific policies.
3. Permanence – the stay in post when a government leaves office.
They serve whichever government is in power
26
why is the Uk consitytion described as unwritten
no single written document called the British constitution
Thre are constitutional laws and conventions
27
why is the Uk Constitution described as uncodified
Range of documents containing aspects of the constitutional arrangements (like the magna carta)
They are not linked or identified as constitutional
28
advantages of an unwritten constitution
makes changing aspects of constitutional law easy, no different than any other type of law
29
disadvantage of an unwritten constitution
Give power to the government of the day to make any changes it wishes.
other countries like USA have formal written doc. & have laid out ways to make changes that
involve each state
30
advantages of an uncodified constitution
enables cchanges to be made easily, for example lowering voting age can be looked at isolation
from, say, changing the parliamentary boundaries
31
disadvantage of an uncodified constitution
it enables changes to be made piecemeal that could undermine existing constitutional rights
when taken together
32
role of elected local gov
- responsible for social care
- provide some aspects of transport, housing, and education.
- They are also in charge of a range of neighbourhood services including
libraries and waste collection.
33
structure of elected local gov.
1. International bodies UK belongs belongs
2. Central Gov. in UK (parliament)
3. Devolved National Bodies - Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
4. Regional bodies - Greater London, police etc.
5. Unitary, County, Boroughs, Distrrct, Town/parish
34
role of councillors
- represent local community they are eleccted to serve
- represent political paty
- campaign for best interests of whole council aewa
- make representation to other bodies on behalf of their community & council
- hold surgeries in their local areas and deal w/ issues & problems raised by their constituents
- attend civic & community functions
- help decide on council policy
- hold counccil acountable through the use of ballot box
35
accountability of councillors
- local media report on work of local councillos
- by localism act 2011 required to follow local councils Code of Conduct, and failure will result in
sanction
- political party hold them account for their work & can deselect them
- financial expenses claimed from the council by councillors are published
36
devolution
the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or
regional administration.
37
devolution -> local councils
most basic form of devolution. They have control over spending on things like education and bin
collection
38
devolution > mayoral regions i.e London/Greater Manchester
extra powers i.e policing/housing
39
devolution -> Scotland
Scotland Act 2012 = gave more powers to Scottish Parliaments
- Sits in Holyrood, Edinburgh
- 129 seats
- power over: health, housing and art
- used devolved powers to: ban smoking in public areas, abolish uni. tuition fees, impose a
minimum alcohol price and made NHS prescriptions free
40
devolution -> Wales
- National Assembly of Wales (NAW)
- sits in Cardiff
- 60 seats
- control over agriculture and transport and language
- 1993 made English = important to welsh = use of devolved pwr = Free NHS prescriptions
41
devolution -> Northern Ireland
- Northern Ireland Assembly (NIA)
- sits in Stormont, Belfast
- 90 Seats
- control over education, infrastructure etc
- use of powers: NHS presecriptions free, reduced maximum alcohol limit for driving, banned
sale and use of sunbeds for under 18s
42
relations between England, Scot, Wales, NI
Scotland may want independence
43
' English votes for English laws' debate
the position where English MPs cannot vote on matters which have been devolved to other parts of the UK, but Scottish, Welsh and Northern Ireland MPs can vote on those same matters when the UK Parliament is legislating solely for England.
44
Who can stand for election
Must be at least 18 years old.
* British Citizen, or a citizen of the Commonwealth or the Republic of Ireland.
* You cannot stand for more than one constituency
45
who can't stand for election
A Civil Servant; police; in the armed forces; a government nominated director
of a commercial company; a judge; peer in the House of Lords (including bishops
known as the Lords Spiritual.
46
candidate selection
This varies between political parties. The usual method is as follows:
* Local party will advertise in party journal for people to apply.
* They have to be on a list approved by the National party.
* Local party workers will then draw up a short list after interviewing potential
candidates.
* A ‘returning officer’ (a member of another local branch) will oversea the
procedure for the party.
* The potential candidates are invited to attend a meeting of party members.
* The send a leaflet to all party members asking for their vote.
47
Who can vote in elections
* A British Citizen or a member of the EU (not sure of EU past brexit) or Commonwealth living in the UK.
* Anyone 18 and over can register to vote.
* Not suffering any legal incapacity to vote.
48
who can't vote in elections
Members of the House of Lords.
* People in prison
* Anyone found guilty in the last 5 years of illegal practices in connection with an election.
* Been detained under certain sections of the Mental Health Act.
49
Scotland voting age for local and Scottish Parliament
In Scotland the voting age for local and Scottish Parliament elections is 16.
50
Should the voting age be lowered?
* FOR *
- Scotlands positive experience led to voting age being lowered in Scotland
- young people should have a say in matters that directly affect them, such as tuition fees
- Research from Edinburgh Uni. found thatt some teens were initially doubtful of their own
abilities to make right decision but this led to them actively seeking out info to help inform
judgements.
- lowering limit encourage civic-mindedness at an earlier age and establish an interest in political system
* AGAINST *
- rconomic issues that are often forefront of election campaigns are irrelevant to 16 yr old
- lack of experience in economics prevents young people from making a considered judgement
- 18-24 yr olds have lowest turnout of any ae group -> suggest 16yr olds wouldn't be much better
- Teenagers who want to cast votes impressionable and easily influenced
51
How to participate in a democracy?
1. Taking part in a campaign
2. raisingg funds
3. rraise awareness
4. collect names on petition
5. lobby or write letters
6. meeting
7. take part in direct action/protests
8. Join a political party
8. stand for election
52
Barriers to Participation
- language
- access tto education
- poor housing
- employment/unemployment
- state of health/disability
- lack of interest/apathy
- believe participation will not make a difference
- lack of faith in politicians and the political process
- lack of info/understanding
- issues personnally unimportant
- too busy
53
Young people and poltical participation
- citizenship education - intro curriculum subject in 2003
- young ppl get involved inn political protests via groups and organisation
- large number of young ppl do voluntary work & raise money for people in need
- young ppl often interested in 'single issues' i.e Uni fees
54
Response to voter apathy
- make postal vote or consider online voting (fraud concerns)
- votte over several days - inc. sat when ppl have more time to cote
- education about importance of voting and also policies of different parties
- changing voting system
55
Voter apathy
- membership of political parties in decline - particulary amongst young people
- young ppl often don't vote in elections
- concerns over future of democracy
- involvement of citizens
- number of ppl vote in election decline since WWII
- political parties difficult to raise funds
- small groups of people or individuals have too much info on political processes
56
How to reduce barriers/increaser voter turnout ?
- compulsory voting
- loweing voting age to 16
- allowing online voting or weekend voting
- changing polling hours
- open polling stations in different locations
- encourage postal votes or telephone voting
57
political parties
- SNP
- Green Party
- SDLP
- Labour
- Ukip
- Lib dem.
- conservatives
- alliance
- DUP
- Sinn Fein
- Plaid Cymru
- Reform
58
government income
- council tax
- business rates
- VAT
- Corporation Tax
- income tax
- National Income
- excise duty ( tax on alcohol/cigarettes)
59
impact of Gov spending/cuts
- cutting certain benfits can mean some ppl have less income
- more money spent by gov. means decision is needed to raise taxes or increase the monney it borrows
(public debt)
- in 2008 UK economy went into recession = fall in things britain made or sold, which led to a period of austerity
gov. measures reduce public spending
60
how gov. raises money
1. Increase tax.
2. Borrow money (from World
Bank)
61
direct taxes
income tax, property tax, business tax
62
indirect taxes
betting, gaming and lottery duties, excise duties and import levies
63
how public taxes spent locally
- on local services i.e social care & roads
64
how governments and other service providers make
provision for welfare, health, the elderly and education.
- taxing
- loans etc
65
complexity of allocating public spending
- limited money
- increase spending in one area, decreases it in another
66
Uk voting systems
- FPTP
- STV
- AMS
- Party list system
- SVS
67
First Past the Post (FPTP) what is it? & uses?
- used for electing MPs in a General Election in the UKand for electing councillors in local elections in England & Wales
- Example, General Election the country is divided into constituincies and each one elects an MP
- Each person gets one vote & casts their vote by placing a single X on their ballot paper against candidate of
their choice
- Candidate with the most votes wins
68
Single Transferable Vote (STV) what is it? & uses?
- used in NI to elect Members of European Parliament, Members of NIA and local councillors & since 2007 Scotland to
elect local councillors
- Voters place candidates in rank order, each elects several ppl so political parties have several candidates, a
candidate isgiven a quota to be eleccted
If they have more than requiredvotes, extra votes are transfered to second choice, after all extra votes are
allocated candidates with the smallestt total of votes are eliminated & votes get redistributed
69
Additional Member System (AMS) what is it? & uses?
- used for scotish parliament, Welsh assembly, and Greater London Authority
- each elector has 2 votes, 1st vvote uses FPTP system, second vote is for a party list, each body using this system
has a certin amount of members elected by FPTP and certain amount from the list
70
Party List System what is it? & uses?
in Party List systems each area is bigger and elects a group of MPs that closely reflect the way the area voted.
3 types:
- closed party list
- open party list
- semi-open list
71
Supplementary Vote System (SV) what is it? & uses?
- majoritarian system
- rank 2 fav candidates
- win = 50% of 1st votes OR all candidates but top 2 are eliminated and 2nd votes reallocated -> whoever has most wins
- used to elect directly mayors including the Mayor of London
72
Proportionate Representation (PR) What is it?
an electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them.
73
Alternative Vote System (AV) what is it?
If more than half the voters have the same favourite candidate, that person becomes the MP. If nobody gets half, the
numbers provide instructions for what happens next.
The counters remove whoever came last and look at the ballot papers with that candidate as their favourite. Rather than
throwing away these votes, they move each vote to the voter’s second favourite candidate. This process is repeated until
one candidate has half of the votes and becomes the MP.
74
Advantages of FPTP
- produce 'strong' govs through majorities
- retains strong link between constitucency and MP
- Easy to Understand
75
Advantages of AV
- produces a 'strong' gov through majorities
- Retains strong constituency linkensures 50% support of the elected candidate
76
Advantages of AMS
- can produce 'strong' majority gov
- retains constituency link
- gives more voice to minor parties
77
Advantages of STV
- far fewer votes wasted
- retains constituency link
- gives voice to minor parties
78
Advantages of full PR
Very few wasted votes
- easy to understand
- gives full voice to minor parties (but potentially extremists)
79
Disadvantages of FPTP
- lots of wasted votes
- makes it hard for new parties to emerge and not often representative of the public vote
80
Disadvantages of AV
- can prodice results that aren't representative
- requires knowledge of all parties
81
Disadvantages of AMS
- can create ultra-safe seats
- create two-tier representatives
- can mean very minor party in go
82
DIsadvantages of STV
- difficult to understand
- leads to large constituencies
- hard to produce a 'strong' majority gov
83
Disadvantages of Full PR
- No constituency link and creates ultra-safe seats
- likely to produce coalitions w/ lots of post-election deals needed
84
executive
- consists of the PM and the cabiner
- judiciary can hold executive to account and so can legislature
- It' s made up of HM Government.
- Its primary role is to put forward ideas for laws and run the Government.
- It represents the will of the majority
85
judiciary
- is separate from government and citizens can use the legal
process to hold government to account.
- is a set of independent judges and courts that ensure the law is applied equally to everyone
regardless of wealth
- The judges in the UK are not nominated by the PM
- If a UK court disagrees with a Parliamentary law they cannot strike it down with a ruling but instead issue a ‘declaration of incompatibility,
- encourage the government to consider looking at or amending the legislation in question.
86
legislature
- a body normally elected that decides upon the laws that apply to a state. In the UK, Parliament is the legislature
(in the USA, Congress is the legislature).
- Another name for Parliament which can make laws. This can be done through the House of Commons or House of Lords
- Members of Parliament in both in the Commons and the Lords. are able to ask ministers or the Prime Minister during their
question time session in each chamber.
- These questions can be either oral or written.
- Oral questions require an oral statement in chamber, whilst a written question mean the member wants a written reply.
87
monarchy
- The UK has a Monarch and a parliament. it is considered a constitutional Monarchy.
- This means that, while the sovereign is head of state, this power is very much ceremonial and true power to amend
new laws and pass legislation lies with our elected parliament and elected government of the day
88
nature of bicameral Westinister Parliament
- tw chambers: House of commons (elected MPs) & House of Lords (Unelected Peers) (bicameral)
- This system helps to improve scrutiny of bills as the Lords can use their expertise to identify problems with potential new laws and they can suggest changes.
89
role of House of Commons
- 650 members
- elected by general election
- An MP represents an area within the UK (a constituency)
- each MP part of a political party
- The party that wins the most seats forms the government.
- The leader of that party becomes Prime Minister and they appoint people to run the government departments
- hosts debates regarding laws, national and international issues.
- When debates take place, the government sit on the speaker’s right, the opposition on the left. - Ministers and shadow ministers sit on the front benchers.
- Other MP’s belonging to these parties sit behind (backbench MP’s).
- MP’s debate ‘motions’.
- After discussions the Speaker will call for a division (a vote).
- Each MP walks through an ‘Aye’ or ‘No’ division lobby and the numbers for and against are counted.
- Result then announced to Speaker.
- Most work of Parliaments is done in Committees.
- A committee is made up MP’s belonging to different parties.
90
role of House of Lords
There are around 800 Lords (also known as ‘Peers’.)
- They are unelected and not paid for their work, except expenses.
- Some of the Lords belong to political parties, others do not and these are known as cross-benchers.
- Since the House Of Lords Act 1999 abolished any more hereditary peers.
there are now 3 types of Lords:
- Life Peers (675 approx.): appointed by government.
- Hereditary Peers (90 approx.): Lord by birth. (Not allowed any more)
- Bishops and Archbishops (26)
- main function of the House of Lords is to debate and scrutinise bills from the Commons,
- suggest amendments
-scrutinise European legislation and introduce new bills.
- Most of the lords work is done in Committees.
- Many Lords are well known experts in certain areas and contribute knowledge and experience in committees.
91
relationship between House of Commons & Lords
- The House of Lords debates legislation, and has the power to amend or reject bills.
- However, the power of the Lords to reject a bill passed by the House of Commons is severely restricted by the Parliament Acts.
- house of lords = upper house
- house of commons = lower house
92
Education Policy Conservatives
increase overall school budget
- improve discipline and standars in the classroom
- increase support for teachers (pay, better discipline etc)
- increase amount of great schools
- invest in arts, music and sport
93
Education Policy Labour
- increase the # of apprenticeships in creative industries
- abolish uni fees & reintroduce maintenance grants
- 30hrs free childcare fir 2yr olds in england
- end public sectot pay cap for teachers
- restrict primary class sizes (30) & intro. free school meals for primary kids
94
Education Policy Lib Dem.
- spend extra on education, increase school budgets, & pupil premium
- oppose grammar schools
- end 1% cap on teacher pay rises
- reinstate maintenance grants for poorest students
95
Health policy Conservatives
- increase NHS budget
- include value of family home in means test for ppl receiving social care at home
- cost of care to be capped ppl guaranteed to keep £100,000 of assets once care bill paid
- allow deferral of care bills until after death to ensure no one is forced to sell the family home
96
Health policy Labour
- commit to giving extra funding to NHS
- reverse privitisation and return heakth services into punlic cotrol
- guarantee access to NHS treatment w/in 18 weeks and A&E within 4 hrs
- lay the foundayions of a National Care Services
97
Health Policy Lib Dem
- Add 10 onto each rate of income tax and ring-fence the money for NHS and social care
- ensure mental health care waiting time standards match thise in physical health care
- ensure there are more nurses on hospital wards in the community
-intro. welsh NHS whistle-blowing hotline
98
immigration policy Tories.
- reduce net migration to tens of thousands
- double the immigration skills charge on companies employing migrant workers
- increase minimum earnings threshold for family visa sponsorship
- toughen requirements for student Visas and rules allowing them to stay anf work
99
immigration policy labour
- reinstate the migrant impact fund in areas where immigration has placed strain on public services
- take students out of immigration numbers
- recruit 500 more border guards
100
Immigration policy Lib Dem.
- allow high skilled immigration to support kry sectors of the economy
- remove students from official migration stats
- re-establish the 'Dubs' child refugee scheme
101
speaker role
- elected by fellow MPs
- chair debates in House of Commons
- Cheif officer & highest authority in the commons
- speaker interprets the rules of the house
- pwrs: bar MPs, decide who speaks, call ministers to the house to make statements
- 3 deputy Speakers
- once elected withdraw from active political role
- Lord speaker is elected my Members of the House of Lord
- impartial (politically), responsible for chairing debated in the Lords chamber and offer advice on procedure
- current Speaker (Hoc as of 10/03/24) = Rt Hon Sir Lindsay Hoyle
- current speaker (HoL as of 10/03/24) = John McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith
102
the cabinet
- The minister
and civil service in that department are responsible
for drafting ‘bills’. The senior ministers have a place
in the cabinet.
103
Whip role
- MPs or Members of the House of Lords appointed by each party in Parliament.
- organise parliamentary business
- ensure their party's MPs turnout and vote according to party's wishes
- each week, whips send out a notice (AKA The Whip) to MPs and Lords detailing
parliamentary business for the week & instructions how to vote
104
Frontbench MP
- sit on front benches nearest speaker in house of governments
- gov. side where minisers sit
- opposition side = shadow ministers who represent official opposition
105
Backbench Mps
- ordinary MP who holds no gov. or opposition post so therefore sits behind the front bench
on the back bench
106
black Rod Mp
- senior officer in House of Lords
- responsible for security
- secretary to Lord Great Chamberlain & is responsible for & participares in major
ceremonial events at the palace of westiminister (i.e State Opening of Parliament)
107
Back bench business Committees
Backbench Business Committees can select motions for debate such as
e-petitions that have had over 100,000 signatures.
108
select committees
- small groups of MPs or members of the House of Lords that are set up to investigate a
specific issue in detail or to perform a specific scrutiny role.
(hold people accountable)
109
legislative process
1. Bill (Public, Private, Hybrid)
2. 1st reading (made public, procedural event)
3. 2nd reading (bill is first debated, details of bill cannot be changed)(HoC)
4. Comitee stage (longest stage (generally) & most scrutiny)
5. Report (consideration) stage (debate in Hoc, ammendments/new clauses can be proposed)
6. 3rd reading (final opportunity to debate bill + vote of approval)
7. House of Lords (needs approval, but unlikely not to get it)
8. consideration of ammendments - bill sent back and forth until both houses agree
9. royal assent (both houses agree/commons has used Parliament Act) monarch officially
agrees to make bill part of parliament
110
formation of gov - majority house of commons (And coalition)
After an election, the leader of the majority party will be invited by the Monarch to form a
government (or even a coalition government if there is no majority in the House of
Commons).
- The leader of that party becomes Prime Minister and they appoint people to run the
government departments (Defence, Home Office).
The minister and civil service in that department are responsible for drafting ‘bills’.
The senior ministers have a place in the cabinet.
Others may be appointed as junior ministers to work in departments.
The Prime Minister and Cabinet also called the Executive
111
role of civil service
The Civil Service does the practical and administrative work of government.
It is co-ordinated and managed by the Prime Minister.
Civil Servants work alongside government to direct policies.
There are a strict set of rules in a code of conduct they must follow.
Around half of all civil servants provide services directly to the public, including paying benefits
and pensions, running employment services, staffing prisons and issuing driving licence
112
civil service code (Hint: 4)
The Four Core Values outlined in the code are:
‘integrity’ is putting the obligations of public service above your own personal
interests
‘honesty’ is being truthful and open
‘objectivity’ is basing your advice and decisions on rigorous analysis of the
evidence
‘impartiality’ is acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving
equally well governments of different political persuasions
113
ministries and agencies
- 24 ministerial departments i.e Attorney General's Office, education etc.
- 422 agencies and other public bodies i.e Ofsted, CPS, DVLA
114
different forms of government
- communism
- socialism
- capitalism
- liberalism
- conservatism
- Fascism
- anarchism
- monarchy
- One Party State
- oligarchy
- Theocracy
- dictatorship
115
communism
-power to the people (in theory)
- classless system (in theory)
- all men = & sharing is caring (in theory)
- Cuba (example)
116
socialism
- profits shared
- trade unions provide protection for workers
- pwr to the ppl
117
capitalism
Big business and economy all powerful
- low taxes
- work harder = reward (in theory)
- american dream (example)
118
liberalism
- believe in democracy & individual rights
- gov. should worrk for the ppl
119
conservatism
- Gov keeps businesses in check
- smart ppl run the country through a strong and stable gov.
120
fascism
Nationalistic and autocratic leadership (dictatorship) gets thing done
- country before individual
- forcible suppression of opposition
121
anarchism
- no rules
- no respect towards authority
- freedom to do whatever (no rule of Law)
122
monarchy
- government by a family who have inherited the title of monarch (Saudia Arabia)
123
One Party State
- A state where only 1 political party exists and runs the ccountry & is often associated w/ communist forms of gov. i.e Vietnam
124
oligarchy
- government by a privileged few - normally self-appointed (kinda Russia)
125
theocracy
where the religious leaders run the counrty
i.e. Iran
126
dictatorship
rule by an individual/group w/ no democratic aspect, total control by 1 person/group
- North Korea
127
citizens can contribute to parliamentary democracy & keep accountability
Taking part in a campaign.
Raising funds.
Raising awareness.
Collecting names on a petition.
Lobbying or writing letters.
Meeting those you wish to
convince/influence to help you make a
change/improvement.
Taking part in direct action/protests.
Joining a pressure group
Standing for election
128
digital democracy
- online voting in elections and referendums
- online E-petitions
- use of social media to publicie, organise, lobby and fundraise
- political party broadcast being preformed on YouTube/Facebook
- elected officials run twitter accounts (i,e Donald Trump)
- allowed social movements to gain a wider suport base and more publicity
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actions citizens can take to hold those in power accountant
- general election - vote for different representatives
- lobby existing representatives
- join a pressure group
- campaign in the media
- protest directly
- start an online petition
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how citizen can contribute to public life by joining interest group or political party
Anyone can join a political party or even start their
own political party. A political party is a group of
people with similar ideas and viewpoints who
organise themselves to fight elections. By gaining
power they can make changes to the country so
that it fits with their viewpoints. The three main
political parties are the Conservative party, Labour
Party and the Liberal Democrat Party.
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campaigning
work in an organised and active way towards a particular goal
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advocacy
a person/group puts forward their ideas to support a certain position often on behalf of someone/group
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lobbying
a general term about making your views known to those whose opinions you wish to influence.
specific term = citizens approach their MP to raise an issue
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petition
collections of signatures indicating support for an agreed statement.
- shows the strength and support for the statement
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join a demonstration
- these can take many forms from small groups to mass marches and rallies
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volunteering
freely offer to do something.
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