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GEO1005 > Cities and water in the anthropocene > Flashcards

Cities and water in the anthropocene Flashcards

1
Q

What is happening to urban areas?

A

They are rapidly expanding

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2
Q

How fast is population growth in London compared to other cities?

A

Population growth in London is now slower than that of the most populated cities

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3
Q

By how much do cities account for greenhouse gas emissions?

A

80%

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4
Q

What percentage of the world energy production do cities consume?

A

75%`

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5
Q

What type of metabolism is more sustainable: linear or circular?

A

Circular

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6
Q

What type of metabolism do cities tend to have?

A

Linear metabolism

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7
Q

How much of the land surface do cities take up?

A

2.8%

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8
Q

How much of the Earth’s land surface does agriculture take up?

A

125

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9
Q

What percentage of the 9.2 billion projected people are expected to live in cities by 2050?

A

75%

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10
Q

How many urbanities are there expected to be by 2050?

A

7 billion

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11
Q

How many urbanities were there in 2007?

A

3 billion

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12
Q

What is the rural diet composed of?

A

Complex carbohydrates, vegetables, grains and fruits

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13
Q

What does the urban diet consist of?

A

Animal protein, refined fat, refined sugar, alcohol and oils

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14
Q

What has caused the transition from a rural diet to an urban one?

A

Westernisation
Increased wealth
Industrialisation
Globalisation

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15
Q

What problem has globalisation caused?

A

It has left some people behind

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16
Q

What is an issue with waste as cities grow?

A

It is becoming harder to deal with

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17
Q

What is a good example of how vulnerable cities are?

A

Hurricane Katrina

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18
Q

What is there a pressure on cities to provide?

A

Pressure to provide services and resources

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19
Q

Where were most of the city dwellers located in 1950?

A

Europe and the Americas

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20
Q

Where will the majority of city dwellers be by 2050?

A

Asia and Africa

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21
Q

What is an issue with urban growth?

A

Future urban growth disproportionately in developing countries and disproportionately ‘informal’ housing

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22
Q

What has there been an explosion of over the past 30 years?

A

The slums

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23
Q

What are slums often close to?

A

Rich areas

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24
Q

What is an issue with slums on the coast?

A

They are growing quickly and are already vulnerable
Flooding
Erosion

25
Q

What percentage of the world’s population lives in deltas?

A

1%

26
Q

What is happening to Miami?

A

The risk of flooding is becoming so great that soon it will not be able to be insured

27
Q

Who created a poverty map?

A

Charles Booth

28
Q

Why is groundwater in London rising?

A

Due to the pressure of urban buildings on the clay soil

29
Q

How does damming cause issues for deltas?

A

It holds back sediment on which the deltas depend

30
Q

How many major deltas are sinking?

A

24

31
Q

Where are 22 of the word’s top 30 cities for air pollution located?

A

In India

32
Q

How many cities exceed the WHO guidelines for air pollution?

A

Every single city in the Middle East and Africa, 99% of cities in south Asia and 89% of cities in east Asia

33
Q

How many people a year die prematurely from air pollution exposure?

A

7 million

34
Q

What is the cost of lost labour to the global economy as a result of air pollution?

A

4225bn

35
Q

Explain what is happening in Ho Chi Minh city

A

It has two separate master plans, one for the historic west foreseeing a wall of skyscrapers marching down the river. The new developments are often built on raised land to protect them from flooding, while ironically blocking rainwater from flowing freely into the river and so causing more floods elsewhere. More than a third of the city’s historic buildings have been destroyed over the past 20 years

36
Q

Who is more affected by air quality?

A

Young people

37
Q

How many people a year die prematurely in the UK due to air pollution?

A

40,000

38
Q

What happens if heritage is destroyed and culture is lost?

A

Tourism declines

39
Q

Why are there socio-political issues with drainage basins?

A

They can cross borders

40
Q

What does the Colorado River no longer do?

A

It no longer flows to the sea

41
Q

How is there a water stress?

A

In terms of water availability per person per year

42
Q

Why do we need to hold back water?

A

So we have some reserved

43
Q

What is there a disparity between?

A

Extraction and consumption of water

44
Q

When was a bad time for water waste?

A

20th century

45
Q

On average how many dams are built?

A

We build one large dam every day and have done for the past 130 years

46
Q

How many dams in the world are there that are over 15m in height?

A

45,000

47
Q

What resource is expensive to get to cities?

A

Water

48
Q

Where is a place that has seen a large growth in dams?

A

North America

49
Q

What qualifies as a large dam?

A

Anything over 15m

50
Q

What did they have to do to the Three Gorges Dam?

A

They had to lower the water level due to the pressure on the Earth’s crust

51
Q

What is a cultural issue that causes issues?

A

Open defecation in fields

52
Q

What happens as the population grows?

A

More water is needed for food

53
Q

What are three water issues?

A

Sanitation and water quality

Water for food

54
Q

How is there a disparity in water?

A

In some areas, the water footprint is lower despite there being more people

55
Q

What was an issue with the Millenium Development Goals?

A

Water was not included in them

56
Q

Was water included in the Sustainable Development Goals?

A

Yes

57
Q

How much of the global freshwater withdrawals does agriculture account for?

A

70%

58
Q

How much water could be required to feed everyone in 2050?

A

50% more water could be needed

GEO1005 (8 decks)

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