Cities Flashcards
Idealised model of social geography of pre-industrial cities
Sjorberg (1960)
Division of pre-industrial city into a small elite and larger groups of lower classes and outcasts.
Lower class/outcasts live in surrounding poorly built periphery.
Elite in a pleasant, exclusive central core.
The idealised model of social geography of pre-industrial cities was questioned by…
Vance (1971)
Early city was ‘many centred’- distinct craft quarters existed each with own shops/workplaces and a wide spectrum of inhabitants.
Although, he did agree that poorest live on outer periphery.
Globalisation and the rise of world cities
Sassen (2001)
Command centres such as New York, London and Tokyo that are home to concentrations of key players in the world financial system together with the business services that support them.
Sassen argues that one of the main features
of global cities is…
Sassen (2001)
Social polarization
Characteristics of financial services, they are dependent on relatively well-paid workers who require…
Consumer services such as restaurants, shops and cleaners, which in turn utilize…
Large numbers of low-paid workers.
As manufacturing has declined, cities have sought to promote…
(Bell and Jayne, 2004)
Cultural industries (e.g. the performing arts, design, advertising, entertainment, media and publishing), often in older ex-industrial areas sometimes known as ‘cultural quarters’.
An example of how to investigate a commodity chain.
Illuminates Labour, Eating culture, Geopolitics of trade, and more…
Follow the thing: Papaya (2004)
Who picks and grows them? – working conditions, agency Who trades them? - Economic value How are they advertised? -Cultural meaning What are they like to eat? Sensorial
Culture vs production debate
Ley: changes in consumption behaviour have changed the way cities are lived in (1986)
Smith: changing land use structured by uneven investment and profit drive.
(1979)
“It does not matter whether production or consumption is viewed as more important in driving gentrification, so long as neither is completely ignored”
(Slater 2011:575)
What were pre-industrial cities?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Displayed an element of differentiation within sectors
However, main division was that of an exclusive central core with the mass of the population living on periphery.
What did industrial capitalism do to the structure of the pre-industrial city?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Inverted the preindustrial city…
Poor into poor quality inner city districts.
Middle/upper class retreated to periphery.
However, over time this polarization gradually became less obvious as society became more complex.
Impact of globalisation on cities
Knox and Pinch (2010)
The emergence of world cities, centres of corporate and financial control.
Fostered increased competition between cities and intensified social polarization.
What have new telecommunications systems allowed for?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
The exchange of ever more complex information over greater distances.
Not been associated with a decline in the strength of cities as centres for information production and exchange.
Western attitudes towards urban living are characterized by
Knox and Pinch (2010)
…hostility, yet cities are also seen as centres of diversity and opportunity.
What did the Chicago School of urban sociology find?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Burgess and Park two leading figures (urban sociologists).
Comprehensive theory on city organisation.
Helped understand impacts of fordism on urban life
The residential segregation of minority groups in Western cities is the product of…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Various processes of exclusionary closure and institutional racism.
Minority groups reveal differing degrees of residential segregation in cities. These patterns reflect…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
the wider population, discrimination in employment and housing markets, and clustering for defence, mutual support and cultural preservation.
