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CIT from booklet Flashcards

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1
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Data described verbally or graphically, results are subjective, and dependent upon observers to provide information.

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2
Q

Describe an example of qualitative data.

A

Interviews are gathered as a tool to gather information and the researcher’s interpretation of the data is qualitative.

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3
Q

Qualitative data generally be applied to a) small population, b) large population, c) either.

A

Small population

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4
Q

Qualitative information gathering is often useful when?

A

At the beginning of the design process for data collection

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5
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Data described in terms of numbers within a statistical format and the researcher’s role is objective.

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6
Q

What tools are used in quantitative data?

A

surveys, questionnaires, or other methods of obtaining numerical data.

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7
Q

Quantitative information gathering is best done when?

A

After the design of data collection is outlined, usually in later stages

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8
Q

What is primary data?

A

Original data collected for a particular purpose

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9
Q

What is secondary data?

A

Data collected for another purpose

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10
Q

What does data management in health care refer to?

A

the use of computers to store, access, and secure patient information.

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11
Q

What is a relational database?

A

Where information is stored as tables

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12
Q

What are data warehouses and why do some organizations connect to them?

A

Often used to store results from clinical trials or insurance membership information and orgs connect to them in order to access very large amounts of stored information.

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13
Q

What is document imaging?

A

A process where companies scan paper documents into their new computer systems and to transfer patient test results into their computerized record system

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of healthcare related data?

A
  1. Medical/clinical data
  2. Knowledge-based data
  3. Comparison data
  4. Aggregate data
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15
Q

What is medical/clinical data?

A

Patient-specific and includes information regarding patient, diagnosis, treatment, lab findings, consults, care plans, LIP orders, informed consent, and advanced directives. Patient medical record consists of all procedures, discharge summary, and emergency care

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16
Q

What is knowledge-based data?

A

Information includes methods to ensure that staff is provided training, support, research, library services or other access to information, and good practice guidelines.

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17
Q

What is comparison data?

A

Data that relates to internal comparisons or external comparisons to benchmarks or best-practice guidelines.

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18
Q

What is aggregate data?

A

Data includes pharmacy transactions, required reports, demographic information, financial information, hazard and safety practices, and any data not included in the clinical record

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19
Q

Data representation includes what 3 types of coding?

A
  1. Binary code
  2. Hexadecimal coding system
  3. Unicode standard coding scheme
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20
Q

What is binary code?

A

Base 2 code to represent values by using strings of 1s and 0s, with 1s stored in magnetized areas of disks (representing on) and 2s stored on non-magnetized areas (representing off).

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21
Q

What is a bit? What is another name for it?

A

It is in binary code and is each representation of a 0 or a 1. It is also called a binary digit.

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22
Q

Data is converted into bits for digital transmission.

  1. ) 8 bits =
    2) 1,000 bytes =
    3) 1 million bytes =
    4) 1 billon bytes =
    5) 1 trillion bytes =
A

1) 8 bits = 1 byte
2) 1,000 bytes = 1 kilobyte
3) 1 million bytes = 1 megabyte
4) 1 billion bytes = 1 gigabyte
5) 1 trillion bytes = terabytes

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23
Q

The most common binary coding scheme for coding of English and European languages?

A

The American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

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24
Q

What is the Hexadecimal Coding System?

A

The binary system for representing decimal numbers results in much longer strings of digits than is required for the Hexadecimal coding system.

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25
Q

How many characters are represented in a byte in the binary coding system?

A

256 characters

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26
Q

What does the Hexadecimal Coding system use?

A

a base of 16 and 16 symbols (usually the numeral 1-9 representing values of 0 to 9 and Arabic letters A through F, representing values 10-15. Coding may use # or &H in front of the code to indicate it is a hexadecimal.

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27
Q

In the hexadecimal coding system, one digit or 4 bits is called what?

A

Nibble

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28
Q

In the hexadecimal coding system, 8 bits/1 byte is called what?

A

Octet

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29
Q

The Unicode Standard Coding Scheme is used with what?

A

Universal Character Set

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30
Q

What is the Unicode Standard Coding Scheme?

A

A standardized coding system that has a large capacity can be used to represent text for most languages, including Asian.

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31
Q

What can the Unicode Standard Coding Scheme represent?

A

represents technical characters, punctuation, and mathematic symbols. Provides a specific numeric value for each character. Represents all alphabets for the world languages, ideographic sets, symbols, and 100 scripts

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32
Q

What is the top most valuable assets to using the Unicode Standard Coding Scheme?

A
  1. Can be used across multiple platforms
  2. Makes coding accessible internationally
    It is used in many technologies and operating systems
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33
Q

Who promotes and supports Unicode?

A

Unicode Consortium

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34
Q

What is data aggregation?

A

Refers to the collection and summation of data for further use, such as for statistical analysis

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35
Q

To make sure data aggregation is effective, data aggregation must be planned and implemented accurately. Name the 7 criteria for planned and accurate data aggregation.

A
  1. Applications should integrate with existing hardware, software, and applications and should be adaptable and easy to manage
  2. Applications should be flexible, using industry standards and supporting multiple reports
  3. Performance should be fast, effective and predictable
  4. Results should be scalable
  5. Implementation should be fast and efficient and require little training
  6. Use of hardware and software should be efficient, requiring little increase in hardware, software, and storage
  7. Application should be cost effective for the org
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36
Q

A company’s past computerized information that is not required on a daily basis by the typical system user, but may be used by management to make decisions, is kept where?

A

In a data warehouse

37
Q

What 4 characteristics should an effective data warehouse have?

A
  1. Subject-oriented
  2. Non-volatile
  3. Time-variant
  4. Integrated
38
Q

Define subject-oriented.

A

all events or objects that are the same are linked in a traceable manner.

39
Q

Define time-variant.

A

Ability to look at how information changes as a function of time.

40
Q

Define non-volatile.

A

Once information is recorded, it cannot be deleted or manipulated in a manner that could cause loss

41
Q

Define integrated.

A

Information from all areas of the enterprise is placed into the same database for the sake of analysis.

42
Q

What are the 3 major parts of a data warehouse?

A
  1. Infrastructure
  2. Data
  3. Process
43
Q

Define infrastructure.

A

Referred to as the technology perspective, is the hardware and software used by the system.

44
Q

Define data.

A

Diagram representations of the structures that send and store information and how they relate to one another.

45
Q

Define process.

A

How information gets from one place to another or how it is dealt with.

46
Q

What rule do most Data Warehouses use?

A

Codd Rules of normalization

47
Q

What is the Codd Rules of normalization?

A

Breaks down data into a table in order to show the relationships between the various parts.

48
Q

What are the 2 widely used designs for the Codd rules of normalization?

A
  1. Dimensional

2. Normalized

49
Q

Define Dimensional design in relation to the Codd rules. Name the pros and con to this design.

A

Dimensional approach breaks data down into numerical facts and reference information.
Pros - Easy to use, can operate quickly
Con - Their structures are difficult to modify

50
Q

Define Normalized design in relation to the Codd rules.

Identify a con.

A

Saves information in the “third normal form” and groups the information into tables according to their subjects.
Con - slow and difficult to use

51
Q

When were data warehouses created?

A

In the late 1980s

52
Q

What did the creation of data warehouses do for organizations?

A

Freed up space and improved response time on the system servers and allowed for a centralized warehouse that could be used to create reports for the entire org.

53
Q

Name the 4 types of data warehouses.

A
  1. Offline operation databases.
  2. Offline data warehouse
  3. Real-time data warehouse
  4. Integrated data warehouse
54
Q

Define offline operation database.

A

Simply copies of the operation system saved to a separate location or partition of the server.

55
Q

Define offline data warehouse.

A

Creates a regular copy of the operational system used in a report-oriented system.

56
Q

Define real-time data warehouse.

A

Copies of the operation system saved to a spate location or partition of the server that are constantly updated.

57
Q

Define integrated data warehouse.

A

Updated with information, processes it, and returns the results to the central system for use in daily activities.

58
Q

Define data transformation.

A

Process of changing information from a given source (such as a data entry terminal) into information that can be understood by a destination point (such as a large database).

59
Q

What are the two steps in data transformation and describe each step.

A
  1. Data mapping - process develops a map of how information flows from one place to another and figures out which part of the information needs to be transformed.
  2. Code generation - Where the actual transformation occurs and the data is converted into a form compatible with its destination.
60
Q

What test should be formed on data transformation that confirms that no information was lost or incorrectly transformed during the process?

A

Data integrity test

61
Q

Describe KDD for data analysis.

A

Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) is a method by which to identify patterns and relationships in large amounts of data, such as the identification of risk factors or the effectiveness of interventions. It may use data perturbation (the hiding of confidential information) while maintaining basic information in the database, and data mining.

62
Q

What are the steps n KDD for data analysis?

A
  1. Selecting data
  2. preprocessing (assembling target data set, cleaning data of noise)
  3. transforming data
  4. data mining
  5. interpreting results
63
Q

What is data mining?

Provide an example of data mining application.

A

the often automatic analysis of large amounts of data to identify underlying or hidden patterns. It may identify similar groupings in data and then that data can be further analyzed.
Example: It may be applied to multiple patients’ electronic health records to generate information about the need for further examination or interventions.

64
Q

What are the 6 steps of data mining?

A
  1. detecting anomalies
  2. identifying relationships
  3. clustering
  4. classifying
  5. regressing
  6. summarizing
65
Q

What are the 3 measures of averages and describe each.

A
  1. Mean - the average number. (Adding the numbers and dividing by the amount of numbers used)
  2. Median - the 50th percentile or middle number. (If there is an even number of numbers, the middle two are added and divided by 2 ).
    Mode - the number occurring with the highest frequency. There may be bimodal and trimodal numbers
66
Q

Define measures of distribution.

A

Show the spread or dispersion of data.

67
Q

Name 3 measures of distribution.

A
  1. Range
  2. Variance
  3. Standard deviation
68
Q

Describe range as a measure of distribution.

What does the term interquartile denote?

A

Range - distance from the highest to the lowest number. It is usually reported with the median to provide information about both the center point and the dispersion.
Interquartile denotes the range between the 25th percentile and the 75th percentile.

69
Q

Describe variance as a measure of distribution.

A

Variance - measures the distribution spread around an average value and is often used to calculate the effect of variables.

70
Q

What does a wide variance suggest?

A

A wide distribution around the mean.

71
Q

What does a small variance suggest?

A

Indicates that the random variables are close to the mean.

72
Q

Define standard deviation.

A

The square root of the variance and shows the dispersion of data above and below the mean in equally measured distances.

73
Q

Define a normal distribution in standard deviation.

A

68% of the data are within 1 standard deviation (measured distance of the mean), 95% of the data are within 2 standard deviations of the mean, and 99.7% of the data are within 3 standard deviations of the mean.

74
Q

Define the Chi-square test.

Give an example.

A

A method to compare rates or ratios to establish if a variance in categorical data (as opposed to numerical data) is of statistical significance. Generally used to show whether there is a significant difference between groups or conditions being analyzed.
Example: Compare the rates of surgical infections after two types of surgical procedures

75
Q

Define the t test.

Give an example.

A

The t test is used to analyze data to determine if there is a statistically significant difference in the means of both groups. It examines two sets of data that are similar.
Example - Average of miles walked each week by women over 65 with breast cancer as compared to women over 65 who do not have breast cancer.

76
Q

Define regression analysis.

A

Used to evaluate data sets found in scattergrams and compares the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable to determine if the relationship correlates. The relationship is indicated by the correlation coefficient (r), which ranges from 1 to + or -1.

77
Q

What does a correlation coefficient of -1 in a regression analysis indicate?

A

-1 indicates a negative relationship in which one data set increases, and the other data set decreases

78
Q

What does a correlation coefficient of +1 in a regression analysis indicate?

A

+1 indicates there is a positive relationship in which both data sets increase or decrease, in which case the scattergram forms a straight line.

79
Q

Describe the degrees of which the data points on a scattergram form a straight line.

A

Strong correlation - clearly form a straight line
Moderate correlation - Loosely structured line
No correlation - no line

80
Q

What does an r value of 0 in a regression analysis indicate?

A

Shows no relationship between the variables.

81
Q

Name the 7 definitions used in data analysis.

A
  1. Sensitivity
  2. Specificity
  3. Stratification
  4. Recordability
  5. Reliability
  6. Usability
  7. Validity
82
Q

Define sensitivity in data analysis.

A

Sensitivity - the data include all positive cases, taking into account variables and decreasing the number of false negatives.

83
Q

Define specificity in data analysis.

A

Specificity - Data includes only those cases specific to the needs of the measurement, excluding those from a different population thereby decreasing the number of false positives.

84
Q

Define stratification in data analysis.

A

Stratification - Data are classified according to subsets, taking variables into consideration.

85
Q

Define recordability in data analysis.

A

The tool/indicator collects and measures the necessary data.

86
Q

Define reliability in data analysis.

A

Reliability - Results should be reproducible.

87
Q

Define usability in data analysis.

A

The tool or indicator should be easy to use and understand.

88
Q

Define validity in data analysis.

A

Validity - Collection measures the target adequately, so that the results have predictive value.

89
Q

Who developed the Balanced Scorecard in data presentation?

A

R.S. Kaplan or D. P. Norton.

Clinical Informatics Nursing (4 decks)

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