CIS 005 1.2 OO Flashcards
In the middle of the seventeenth century a French mathematician built and sold gear driven machines that performed whole addition and subtractions problems
Blaise Pascal
After Blaise Pascal built his add. Sub. machine a German mathematician built the first (but unreliable) device designed to do all four whole number operations
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
In the late 18th century a Frenchman developed a loom that be came known as the ____ loom of his namesake It was used for weaving cloth. This was the first machine that make use of input effectively
Joseph Jacquard, Jacquard Loom.
By he 19th century a British mathematician by the name of _____ _____ created what was called the _____ ______
Charles Babbage, Analytical engine.
What was so revolutionary about the analytical engine despite it being to complex for the technology of the day?
It was the first counting machine to have memory so that intermediate steps wouldn’t have to be reentered, and it mad use of jacquard’s Punched cards so that both numbers could be included in the mechanical steps.
Charles Babbage, the creator of the analytical engine, had an assistant. This assistant is a romantic figure in the computing world for being considered the firs computer programmer. The computing language used by the US dept. of Def. is named after her.
Ada B Lovelace.
Computing began to excel at a rapid pace by the…
end of the 19th century.
This man produced and sold a mechanical adding machine in the late 19 century
William Burroughs.
_____ ______ produced and created the first electro mechanical tabulator which read from a punched card
Dr. Herman Hollerith
Dr. Herman Hollerith’s electro mechanical tabulator, revolutionized what in America?
The U.S. Census
Dr. Herman Hollerith used his electro mechanical tabulator to begin the company that is now known as
IBM
This British mathematician named_____ _____went on to create an abstract math model that forever changed computing. This model layer the foundation for computing theory called…
William Turing, The Turing machine.
The most prestigious medal in the field of mathematics equivalent to the Nobel peace prize is called the ____ ____
Turing Award
Analysis of the capabilities of _____ _____ is a part of theoretical studies for all computer sciences students.
Turing machines
several Computers were under design and construction by the outbreak of which war?
WWII
The two most prevalent computers during the outbreak of WWII were the _____ ____ ____ __and the ___
The Harvard Mark I, ENIAC
_____ ____ ____A consultant on the ENIAC project began another machine known as the_____ Which was completed in 1950
John Von Neumann, EDVAC
In 1951 the first commercial computer called the _____ was completed
UNIVAC 1
The_____ was the first computer used to predict the outcome of a presidential election.
UNIVAC 1
What were the years of the first generation of a computers?
1951-1959
What were the years of the second generation of a computers?
1959-1965
What were the years of the third generation of a computers?
1965-1971
What were the years of the fourth generation of a computers?
1971-?
What were first generation computers made out of?
Vacuum tubes
What are Vacuum tubes
A device that controls electric current through a vacuum in a sealed container.
What was the primary memory device used in first generation computers?
Magnetic drum
what was the input device for computers of the first generation?
IBM cards (Descendent of the Hollerith card)
what was the input device by the end of the first generation?
the input device was a much faster sequential reading “magnetic tape “ .
What were storage devices called that were external to the computer system’s memory?
Auxiliary storage devices
Collectively, Auxiliary storage devices, input and output devices became known as____ ____
Peripheral devices.
This device ushered in the second generation of commercial computing systems
the transistor
transistor
A solid state electronic semiconductor device, with three connections, capable of amplification in addition to rectification.
Why was the transistor a good replace for the vacuum Tube?
It was smaller, more reliable, faster more durable and cheaper
Who were the three men who won the Nobel peace prize for the creation of the transistor?
John Bardeen, Walter H Brattain, and William B. Shockley.
What was the second thing that field the second generation of computing systems?
The advent of immediate -access memory.
The second generation used memory made from ____ ____
Magnetic Cores
How much information was each magnetic core capable of storing at a time?
One bit of information.
What was different about the motionless magnetic cores that made them more useful?
The information on them was available instantly.
The auxiliary storage device that accompanied the second generation was the____ ___
Magnetic Disk
The Magnetic disk was a better peripheral device because it did what ?
It allowed the user to access information in specific places on the disk because the information was stored in a specific places that could be accessed directly by referring to the location on the disk.
The second generation had the _____ other ______ of the computing system assembled on circuit boards.
Transistors/Components
The third generation was characterized by ____ _____unlike the first generation had its components on a circuit boards
Integrated circuits (IC’s)
why did Integrated circuits (IC’s) replace circuit boards?
It was smaller, more reliable, and cheaper than second generation circuit boards.
What is a Integrated circuit (IC)?
A solid piece of silicon that contained the transistors, a and other components.
Who is Gordon Moore?
One of the Co-Founders of Intel
Moore’s law, Named after Cofounder of Intel Gordon more, notes that ever since the invention of the IC (aka a chip)
The number of circuits that could be placed on a single IC was doubling each year.
Because IC technology allowed transistors to be used for memory construction
Transistors were also used for memory construction.
During the second generation ____ _____ was still needed because the memory was still volatile.
Auxiliary storage
What was was introduced in the third generation that gave the computer system user direct access to the computer system
The terminal
In the third generation what was a a terminal?
An Input/output device known as the keyboard and Monitor
What was special about the terminal?
It provided the user direct access to the system, and provided an immediate response.
What characterized the fourth generation?
Large scale integration.
What is large scale integration?
Large scale integration is the movement from several thousand transistors only silicone chip in the early 1970s to a whole new microcomputer on a chip
Main memory devices are still almost exclusively made out of _____ ___to this day
Chip technology
during this generation Moore’s law was now modified to mean that chip density was doubling every
18 months
But Late 1970s the phrase patented vocabulary
Personal computer (PC)
By the mid _____ microcomputers had become so cheap that almost anyone could have the children children grew up playing Pac-Man.
Mid 1970s
In the fourth generation new names had entered the commercial computer market like
Apple, Tandy\RadioShack, Atari, Commodore, Sun
By the fourth generation several tech companies had already been established for sometime
IBM, Remington rand, NCR, DEC (digital equipment Corporation), Hewlett-Packard, Control data, and Burroughs
Was introduced ______ in ______ and was soon followed by compatible machines manufactured by other companies.
IBM PC, 1981
In the mid _____ larger more powerful machines were created; they were referred to as____
1980’s, Workstations
Workstations for typically intended for _____ and they were characterized by a new term called_____
Business/Networking
What is the definition of network?
a set of computers connected together to interact with one another
All networked computers were made more powerful by the introduction of
RISC (reduced instruction set computer)
The Instructions that an RISC computer follow were written in what?
Machine language
By the mid 1980s Moore’s Law was once again adjusted to mean
Computers will either double in power or halve in cost for the same power every 18 months
By the late 1980s radically new machine architectures begin. Called
Parallel architectures
Parallel architectures rely on a set of interconnected
Central processing units
One class of parallel machines is organized so that all processors
Share the same memory unit
Other class of machines each Central processor has its own ______and communicate with others over a very fast______
Local memory, internal network
What way does the first class of parallel architectures offer fast execution?
The program can be separated into multiple pieces and those pieces can be executed simultaneously on separate processors (SIMD computer)
What does S I MD stands for?
Single instruction, multiple data streams
What is the second class of parallel architectures offered fast execution?
It works on different parts of the program simultaneously (M I M D computer)
What does M I MD stand for?
Multiple construction, multiple data streams
Software designed for ____ is different from software design for_____
Parallel machines, sequential machines
The concept of a large machine with many users gateway to a network of smaller machines connected so that they can share resources such as printers, software, and data. Is this machine cost?
The Ethernet.
Invented the Ethernet?
Robert Metcalf and David Boggs
What is the definition of Ethernet?
Anytime of local area network originally developed by Xerox Corporation
By 1989 Novell’s NetWare connecting pieces together with a_____
File server
What is a fileserver?
A PC with generous mass storage in good input\output capability
Stations or personal computers network together became known as ____
LANs(local area networks)
What is the definition of LANs
A network that connects several computers that are located nearby (in the same room or building) allowing them to share files and devices such as printers
The Internet as we know it today descends from
ARPANET
What is ARPANET?
A government sponsored network begun in the late 1960s which originally consisted of 11’s concentrated in Los Angeles and Boston
Like ARPANET and LANs the Internet using something called____ _____
Packet switching
What is packet switching
Simply put Packet switching is a way for messages to share lines,
Internet is made up of many different ____ across the world that communicate using____
Networks, Common protocol
What is the name of the common protocol used to Communicate on the Internet?
TCP/IP (Transmission control protocol\Internet protocol)
What is TCP/IP (Transmission control protocol\Internet protocol)?
A standard format for transmitting data in packets from one computer to another. It is used on the Internet and various other networks.
According to Paul E. Cerruzzi “If the Internet of the 1990s became the information super highway…
…then the Ethernet became the equally important network of local roads to feed it”
What were the years of 1st generation of software
(1951– 1959)
What were the years of 2nd generation of software
(1959 – 1965)
What were the years of 3rd generation of software
(1965 – 1971)
What were the years of 4th generation of software
(1971 – 1989)
What were the years of 5th generation of software
(1990 – present)
The first generation of software instructions were written in binary where program is have to remember who Long strings of ones and zeros. This is known as what?
Machine language
Because writing in machine code is so tedious programmers created what was used as a mnemonic code Machine language called what?
Assembly language
Because every program that is executed on the computer eventually must be in the form is Machine language, programmers created a sort of translator called an…
Assembler
Why weren’t assembling languages and assemblers the most favorable way to write computer programs?
Because they were using to remember then long strings of binary digits.
The programmers who these tools to make programming easier for others were Called what?
Systems programmers
The assembly language acted as a buffer between the programmer and the
Machine hardware
After the development of the assembly languages, what came along to help programmer to write instructions using more English like statements?
High level languages
What are the three high level languages developed during the second generation that are still used today?
FORTRAN, and COBOL, Lisp
What is the FORTRAN language designed for?
Numerical applications
What is the COBOL language designed for?
Business applications
Each high-level language translating program that goes with it. What is a translating program called?
A Compiler
What is a systems programmer?
A programmer who writes programs needed for a computer system to function (As opposed to the programs used in particular types of useful computation)
What is an applications programmer?
A programmer who uses the tools created by systems programmers to make useful applications.
What has created the stratification of programing?
the Need to make programming easier.
The applications programmers become more insulated from the computer hardware as the….
Software becomes more sophisticated.
What became apparent in the third generation of computers
That humans were slowing the computing process down
The slowing of the computing process gave rise to something new that would determine which programs would run and when. What was this program called?
The operating system
In the first two generations of software, ____ had been written to handle often needed tasks. ____ loaded programs into memory and ____ linked pieces of programs together. This was all replaced by the _____ ______
Utility programs, Loaders, Linkers, Operating systems.
In the third-generation utility programs were refined and put it under the direction of the
Operating System
What is Systems software?
A group of utility programs, the operating system, and the language translators (assemblers and compilers)
In the beginning of the computer era the computer user and programmer
Were the same person
The fourth generation in the 1970s saw the introduction of better programming techniques called
Structured programming
What is structured programming
Simply put it is a logical disciplined approach to programming,
Name two languages that were built on structured program.
Pascal, Modula-2
What language was introduced for third-generation machines, Was refined and upgraded to more structured versions?
BASIC
What language allows the user to intersperse assembly language statements and high-level program?
C
What structured language allows the user to access low-level statements
C++
What structured programming language became the language of choice in the industry?
C++
By the time of the _____ _____ better and more powerful operating systems were being developed.
Fourth Generation
____, developed AT&T as a research tool has become standard in many university settings
UNIX
____, developed for the IBM PC, And _____ developed for PC compatibles, became standards for all personal computers.
PC-DOS,MS DOS
The operating system for mackintosh introduced concept of the…
Mouse Andy point and click graphical interface
Of the typical application packages spreadsheets, word processers, and database management, which were the first in the industry?
Lotus 123(Spreadsheet), word perfect (word processors), dbase IV(database management)
The fifth generation was notable for three major events what were they?
The rise of Microsoft as a dominant player and computer software, Object oriented design and programming, the World Wide Web.
In the 1990s spreadsheet, word processor, and database programs all became bungled and what is known as…
Office suites
____ ____ ____ became the design choice for large programming projects
Object oriented design
Why did object oriented design become the choice for programmers?
Structured design is based on a hierarchy of tasks, where as object oriented design is based on a hierarchy of data objects.
_____ a language design by Sun Microsystems for object oriented programming began to rival what language
Java, C++
Tim Berners-Lee a British researcher created a set of technical rules that became known as the____ ____ ____
World wide web
Tim Berners Lee created this language for formatting documents and text in browsers for the World Wide Web
HTML
In 1993 _______ {and} ________ created _________ the first graphics capable browser
Mark Andreessen and Eric Bina, Mosaic
Mosaic went on to become _____ ____ browser
Netscape Navigator
Microsoft’s_____ _____ bundled with all of the Windows operating systems ultimately put who out of business?
Internet Explorer, Netscape navigator (Mosaic)
The bundling Microsoft Internet Explorer with their operating systems led to what in 2001?
A monopoly lawsuit filed by the US government
Which web browser that retained the flavor of mosaic and has now captured 25% of the browser market was released in November 2004 ?
Mozilla Firefox
What has ultimately characterized the fifth generation?
The profile of the user has changed.
What is an embedded system?
A computer that forms part of a larger machine of some other car.
