Circulatory Systems Quiz Flashcards
Circulatory Systems:
Transportation system for oxygen, nutrients, and cell waste to move throughout the body
Major Functions
- Transports gases (From the respiratory system) nutrient molecules (From the digestive system) and waste materials (From the executory system)
- Regulate internal temperature & transport hormones
- Protect AGAINST blood loss from injury & AGAINST disease-causing microbes or toxic substances introduced in the body
Major Parts
- 3 Major components:
- Heart: Pushes blood throughout the body with its pumping action & generates blood flow
- Blood Vessels: Serves as PATHWAYS for blood to move
- Blood: CARRIES nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, waste and other materials throughout the body
Cardiovascular Systmes
“Cardio” = Heart
“Vascular” = Vessels
The cardiovascular system is the heart & blood vessels
Pulmonary Pathway
Pumped by the RIGHT SIDE of the heart
Transports oxygen-poor blood to the LUNGS
When it gets oxygen from the lungs the oxygen-rich blood is returned through the Pulmonary Veins
Vena Cava –> Right Atrium –> Rigtht AV Valve –> Left Ventricle –> Semilunar Valve –> Pulmonary Artery –> Lungs
Systemic Pathway
Moves oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the body tissues (Body Systems)
It is pumped by the LEFT side
Pulmonary Veins –> Left Atrium–> Left AV Valve –> Left Ventricles –> Semilunar Valve –> Aorta –> Body
Coronary Pathway
Provides blood to the heart
It is pumped by the left side
Aorta –> Coronary Artery–> Cardiac Veins
Structures of Blood Vessels
Arteries, veins, capillaries
Arteries
- Carry oxygen-rich blood AWAY from the heart
-
Highly elastic walls allow the artery to expand as blood moves through during the contraction of the ventricles and snap back again during the relaxation of the ventricles
Keeps blood flowing in the right direction
Provides a pumping motion to help force blood through the blood vessels [You can feel this when you feel your pulse]- MEMORY TIP: Arteries —> Away (Both start with “A”)
Veins
- Carry Oxygen-poor blood towards the heart
- Thinner walls & larger inner circumference than arteries
- NOT elastic, CANNOT contract to help blood move to the heart, instead muscles help keep the blood flowing toward the heart
- Have one-way valves that prevent blood from flowing backwards
- Muscles RELAXED = Valves CLOSED
- Muscles CONTRACTED = Valves OPEN
Capillaries
- Where gases, nutrients and other materials are transferred to tissue cells and wastes, including gases, move into the blood
- Smallest blood vessels
- Spread throughout the body in a fine network
- The capillary wall is a single layer of cells with a tiny diameter making it so that the blood cells pass through a single file
Pulmonary Artery
Carries deoxygenated blood (Oxygen-poor) AWAY from the heart
INSTEAD of the oxygenated blood arteries usually carry
Pulmonary Vein
Carries OXYGENATED blood (Oxygen-rich blood) to the heart
INSTEAD of the deoxygenated blood veins usually carry.
Heart Beat
Is an electrical signal coming from the heart
SA Node [Pacemakers] –> Atria Contract –> AV Node –> Purkinje Fibres–> Ventricles Contract
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
- A bundle of specialized muscle located in the wall of the right atrium
- Stimulates muscle cells to contract & relax rhythmically
- Generates an electrical signal that spreads over the two arteries and makes them contract simultaneously
It STARTS the impulses stimulating the heartbeat
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
- As the atria contracts the signal reaches the AV node
- AV nodes transmit the electrical signal through a bundle of specialized fibre called the bundle of His
- Those fibres relay the signal through two bundle branches that dive into fast, conducting Purkinje fibres, which start almost simultaneous contraction of all cells of the right & left ventricles
Purkinje Fibre
A nerve fibre that branches and carries electrical impulses throughout the ventricles
Heart Sounds
- The sound the heart makes can be described as a “lubb-dubb” sound
- This sound is made by the closing of the different heart valves
Lubb Sound
- When the atria relax they fill with blood
- The atria the contract, which increases fluid pressure and forces the AV valves open
- This causes blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles
- Next, the ventricles contract and this pressure forces the AV valves shut which produces the lubb sounds and pushes blood through the semilunar valves and into the arteries
Dubb Sounds
- Next, the ventricles relax and their volume increases
- This causes the pressure in the ventricles to decrease and blood is drawn to this area of lower pressure
- Blood is prevented from re-entering the ventricles by the semilunar valves
- The closing of the semilunar valves creates the dubb sound
Cardiac Output
Amount of blood PUMPED by the heart each minute
Heart Rate
Number of heartbeat per minute
Stroke Volume
Amount of blood forced out of the heart with each heartbeat
Formula For Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate X Stroke Volume
Blood Pressure
Pressure against the vessel wall of the arteries
Systolic Pressure
MAX pressure during the ventricular contraction
Diastolic Pressure
LOWEST pressure before the ventricles contract again
Heart Pressure
Things That Can Impact Blood Pressure
Diet, Age, Stress, Exercise, Health Conditions
Increasing Heart Rate
Increase Blood Pressure
Increasing the amount of blood
Increasing Blood Pressure
Widening the Blood Vessels (Vasodilation)
Decreasing Blood Pressure
Enlarging the Blood Vessels
Decreasing Blood Pressure
Increasing elasticity of arteries
Decreasing Blood Pressure
Increasing viscosity of the blood
Increasing Blood Pressure
Average Blood Pressure
Systolic/ Diastolic = 120/80
Impact Exercise Have On The Heart
- Strong hearts are able to pump more blood with each heartbeat (Greater Stroke Volume)
- Cardiovascular exercise will increase a person’s resting stroke volume
- Enlarge ventricular chambers
- Increase the distensibility of their ventricles
- Strengthen the ventricle walls so that the person is able to pump more blood with each beat
Thermoregulation
Maintenance of body temp within a range that enables cells to function efficiently
What happens when the temperature is low?
When it is cold the hypothalamus turns on the warming systems.
It then sends a signal to the skeletal muscles to contract. Shivering occurs to generate heat. Body hair becomes erect to conserve heat.
The skin blood vessels constrict (Vasoconstriction) and there is a decreased blood flow to the skin.
Reduced heat loss from skin and retains the heat in the core of the body and to the brain.
Hypothalamus
A part of your brain that is responsible for coordinating many nerve and hormone functions
It also turns on cooling and warming systems when needed.
Helps regulate body temp by sending nerve impulse
Vasodilation
When the blood vessels become bigger
Vasoconstriction
When the blood vessels become smaller
What happens when the temperature is high?
When it is hot the hypothalamus turns on cooling systems.
It then sends a signal to the sweat glands to initiate sweating.
The evaporation of sweat causes cooling.
At the same time, a nerve message is sent to the skin’s blood vessels causing them to dilate. Increasing blood flow to the skin and the blood loses heat from the skin.
RESULT: The body temperature decreases and the hypothalamus turns off cooling systems.
What is in Blood?
Plasma, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, and Platelets
Plasma
The fluid portion of blood
Contains water, vitamins, dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, hormones, minerals and waste products
The fluid portion of the blood
Carry all the blood cells
Plays a role in transporting carbon dioxide
Form Portion
The solid portion of the blood
It contains RBC, WBC and platelets
These are all produced in the bone marrow that is found inside the bone
Red Blood Cells
Also called Erythocyted
~44% of all blood volume
Has NO nucleus making more space for Oxygen gas
Specialized in oxygen transport
Hemoglobin
Iron-containing respiratory pigment found in RBC
- Special properties that allow it to pick up oxygen
- Transports oxygen to the cells through diffusion
It is like a magnet that attracts oxygen which creates oxyhemoglobin
Anemia
A condition that occurs if there are too few RBCs or too little hemoglobin inside the RBC
Reduces the amount of oxygen that is flowing through the body
Symptoms: Feel tired, appear pale
2 Types: Iron-deficient anemia & Sickle Cell Anemia (More severe & genetic)
Iron-deficient Anemia
A type of anemia that develops if you do not have enough iron in your body. It is the most common type of anemia.
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Is a group of inherited disorders that affect hemoglobin
Normally, RBCs are disc-shaped and flexible so they can move easily through the blood vessels.
In sickle cell disease, RBCs are misshaped, typically crescent- or “sickle”-shaped due to a gene mutation that affects the hemoglobin molecule.
When RBCs sickle, they do not bend or move easily and can block blood flow to the rest of the body.
White Blood Cells (WBC)
- Also called Leucocytes
- Helps with fighting infection
- Have Nuclei
- Appears colourless
- ~1% of total Blood Volume BUT increase by more than DOUBLE when fighting infection
Types of WBC:
Granulocytes, Monocytes & Lymphocytes
Granulocytes
- Consists of neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils
Monocytes
- Can be further specialized as macrophages which destroy bacteria
- Granulocytes & Monocytes engulf and destroy bacteria
Lymphocytes
- It can produce a protein that can incapacitate pathogens allowing them to be detected and destroyed
Platelets
Fragments of cells that form when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart
No nucleus
Plays an important role in blood clotting
Blood Clotting
- Platelets are activated & clump together to form a plug to stop the bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged.
- Then the platelets release a protein called THROMBOPLASTIN.
- Thromboplastin activates a plasma protein called PROTHROMBIN along with CALCIUM IONS [ca++]
- PROTHROMBIN along with another plasma protein, called FIBIRNOGEN, is produced by the liver
- Prothrombin transforms into THROMBIN
- Thrombin act as an enzyme by splicing two amino acids from the fibrinogen molecule.
- Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin threads, which wrap around the damaged area, trapping RBC and more platelets to form a clot and stops bleeding
First Line of Defence: Non-Specific Immune Response
GOAL OF THIS FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE IS TO PREVENT THINGS FOR GETTING INTO YOUR BODY [BLOODSTREAM]
Ex. Skin, Mucus to trap foreign things, tears, eyelids, eyelashes, vomiting and blinking rapidly
Physical & Chemical Defense [SKIN]
- In your respiratory system mucus layers trap microbes and foreign particles and cilia (hair-like structures) sweep these particles away
- In your stomach, acids and enzymes destroy microbes that enter your body
Second Line of Defense: Non-Specific Immune Response
GOAL: If something enters the body DESTROY it.
It will do this through MACROPHAGES.
Third Line of Defense: Specific Immune Response
GOAL: Targeted attack on a particular invader
EX. B-cells & T-cells
Physical Defense
Skin provides a protective barrier so bacteria or viruses cannot enter your body
Chemical Defense
The skin has acid secretions that inhibit the growth of microbes
Body’s Response to the Second Line of Defence
Pus, Inflammatory Response, Fever
Pus
The remaining fragment of protein and White Blood Cell
Phagocytosis
The process by which a WBC engulfs and chemically destroys a microbe
Macrophages
One of the methods of the second line of defence.
Leucocytes (WBC) engulf invading microbes through phagocytosis or produce antibodies.
Special leukocytes called monocytes move from the blood to tissues and develop into macrophages.
Then they attach to microbes and use enzymes to destroy the macrophage
NOTE: Macrophages engulf the invader BUT the foreign antigens are not destroyed
Neutrophils
Another method of the second line of defence.
They are a type of WBC and are attracted to chemical signals given off by damaged cells.
They move to the infected tissues engulf the bacteria and release enzymes that break down the microbe and the leucocytes (Neutrophils)
Complement Proteins
A plasma protein that helps defend against invading microbes by tagging the microbe for phagocytosis, puncturing cell membrane or triggering the formation of a mucous coating
Lymphocytes
Type of WBC that produces antibodies
They roam the body searching for invaders
Antibodies protect the body based on marks on the foreign invader
T-cells
Seek out intruders and signal an attack, identify the invader by its antigens, a different T cell gives the information to a B cell
B-cells
Type of lymphocytes
Produces antibodies based on the foreign entities antigen
Antigen-Antibody Reaction
- Antibodies are specific (can only target the type of particle they are made for) and used to attack a specific type of foreign particle
- Antigens are markers on the foreign particle that the antibody attaches to forming an antibody-antigen complex, this prevents the foreign particle from doing what it wants to.
Helper T-cells
They read the shape of the antigen of the foreign invader and release a chemical messenger called lymphokine
Lymphokine
A protein produced by the T-cells that acts as a chemical messenger between other T- cells and B-cells
It causes the B-cells to divide and a second message is sent from the T cells to the B-cells causing the production of antibodies
Killer T-cells
It is activated by the Helper T-cell
A type of T-cells that puncture the cell membrane of infected cells which kills the cells
Allergy
This occurs when the immune system makes a mistake and attacks harmless visitors from the environment [Outside the body], causing the body to swell, itch or create mucus.
Memory B-cells
During the infection, they hold an imprint of the antigen so that the body is better equipped for future attacks
Suppressor T- cells
A T-cells that turns off the immune response
Illness
The immune system fails to recognize foreign invaders
Autoimmune disease
The immune system attacks the normal body cells, rather than protecting them.
Immunodeficiency
The helper T-cells are destroyed
Agglutination
Is the clumping of red blood cells that can clog blood vessels, block circulation and cause severe damage to organs.
The presence of antibodies causes this if mixed with an incompatible blood type
Type A Blood
RBCs have type A surface antigens
Plasma has anti-B antibodies
Type B Blood
RBCs - have type B surface antigens
- Plasma has anti-A antibodies
Type AB Blood
RBCs have - type A & type B surface antigens
- Plasma has NEITHER anti-A or anti-B antibodies
Type O Blood
RBCs - have NEITHER type A NOR type B surface antigens
- Plasma has BOTH anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Rheus Blood Type:
- People either have Rh+ (HAS antigen) or Rh- blood (DOES NOT have antigen)
- Generally, people with positive blood can receive from positive or negative but people with negative blood can receive only from negative
Rh Factor & Pregnancy
- If a mother is Rh- and a father is Rh+ the baby can be Rh+
- The Rh+ blood cells of the child may leak across the placenta into the mother’s bloodstream which causes the mother’s immune system to produce anti-Rh antibodies
- This is not a problem for the first pregnancy
- For any later pregnancies, these anti-Rh antibodies can destroy the child’s RBCs
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
- Occurs when the anti-Rh antibodies the mother has crossed into the placenta and destroys the baby’s red blood cells
- Can cause brain damage, deafness and death
- As the red blood cells break down the liver produces a substance called bilirubin which causes jaundice (skin and tissue turn yellow) which is a sign when diagnosing HDN
-
Treatment:
- Blood transfusion for the baby or inducing early labour so the situation doesn’t get worse
-
Prevention:
- Now mother’s blood type is tested prior to the birth of the first child and an injection can be given just after the birth of the first child to prevent the mother’s body from producing antibodies
Antigen
- Marker (ID) on the cell’s membrane
- A substance that is usually a protein that stimulates the formation of an antibody
Antibody
- “Y” shaped proteins that attach to foreign antigens
- Slows down the foreign cells allowing the leucocytes to attack and kill the foreign cell
