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Physiology > Circulatory System and Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Circulatory System and Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the circulatory system composed of?

A

heart, blood vessels, blood for transportation

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2
Q

What are the 2 loops of the circulatory system?

A
  1. shorter pulmonary circuit: exchanges blood between heart and lungs
  2. longer systemic circuit: distributes blood throughout other systems/tissues
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3
Q

Where do both systems begin and end?

A

in the heart

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4
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A
  1. transport essential substances to tissues
  2. remove metabolic waste products
  3. homeostasis (temp. regulation, fluid maintenance, meeting metabolic demands)`
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5
Q

What is an important characteristic of the circulatory system?

A

heart pumps about 1800 gallons of blood throughout the day

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6
Q

What is the order of blood flow within the heart?

A

IVS + SVC -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta`

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7
Q

What is systole?

A

when the heart contract to pump blood out

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8
Q

What is diastole?

A

when the heart relaxes after contraction

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9
Q

What is the trend of CO2 and O2 in pulmonary arteries?

A

increase in CO2, decrease in O2

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10
Q

What is the trend of CO2 and O2 in pulmonary veins?

A

decrease in CO2, increase in O2

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11
Q

How do valves work?

A
  1. open tricuspid and mitral valves
  2. close tricuspid and mitral valves
  3. open pulmonic and aortic valve
  4. close pulmonic and aortic valve
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12
Q

What are the 3 things important for regulation?

A

endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle

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13
Q

What is the blood composed of?

A
  1. 55% plasma
  2. buffy coat: platelets and white blood cells
  3. formed elements
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14
Q

What is the function of albumins?

A

maintain hydrostatic pressure

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15
Q

What is the role of globulins?

A

deals with immune system

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16
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen?

A

deals with blood coagulation

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17
Q

What is the respiratory function of blood ?

A
  1. transport O2 from lungs to tissues
  2. transport from CO2 from tissues to lungs
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18
Q

What is the nutrition function of blood ?

A

transport food from gut to tissues

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19
Q

What is the excretory function of blood ?

A

transport waste from tissues to kidney and skin

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20
Q

What is the regulatory function of blood ?

A
  1. water content of tissues
  2. water exchanged through vessel walls to tissue
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21
Q

How does blood regulate body temp. ?

A

antibodies, antitoxins, white blood cells

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22
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  1. respiratory
  2. nutrition
  3. excretory
  4. regulatory
  5. body temp.
  6. acid-base balance
  7. coagulation
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23
Q

Hematocrit includes what type of cells?

A

red blood cells

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24
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

proportion by volume of blood that consist of red blood cells

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25
Q

What is the hematocrit composition in normal blood?

A

female: 37-47%
male: 42-52%

26
Q

What is the hematocrit composition in anemic blood?

A

depressed hematocrit %

27
Q

What is the hematocrit composition in polycythemia blood?

A

elevated hematocrit %

28
Q

What is the blood reserve?

A

allows control of blood volume and makes up for fact that capillaries are NOT always open

29
Q

What are the % of blood volume during blood distribution?

A

left ventricle: 4%
arteries: 16%
capillaries: 4%
veins: 64%
right heart: 4%

30
Q

What happens to blood pressure from the aorta to the vena cava?

A

blood pressure decreases

31
Q

What drives blood flow?

A

pressure

32
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

33
Q

What is volume flow (Q)?

A

flow volume per unit time (mL/sec) = change in Q/change in T

34
Q

What is flow velocity (V)?

A

linear flow; distance per unit time (cm/sec) = change in D/ change in T

35
Q

What is the trend between velocity and cross sectional area?

A

V increases as A decreases; inversely proportional

36
Q

How is resistance determined?

A

by tube radius, length, and fluid viscosity

37
Q

What is the effect of tube length on resistance?

A

resistance varies positively with tube length

38
Q

What is the main determinant of resistance?

A

tube radius

39
Q

Blood flow is controlled by what?

A

regulating vessel radius

40
Q

What vessel type has the highest resistance?

A

capillaries

41
Q

What is the physiological significance of arterioles?

A
  1. biggest drop in BP
  2. main regulator of blood flow
42
Q

What is the formula for total resistance?

A

Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3

43
Q

What is the comparison of pressure upstream vs downstream?

A

pressure downstream is LOWER than pressure upstream

44
Q

What is the trend with pressure and flow in arteries?

A

increase in pressure, increase in flow

45
Q

What is the trend with pressure and flow in arterioles?

A

decrease in pressure, decrease in flow

46
Q

What are the 2 principles of resistance in parallel?

A
  1. Rtotal of a network of parallel vessels is LESS than the resistance of the vessel having the LOWEST resistance; parallel vessels REDUCE resistance to blood flow
  2. changing the resistance of a small number of the vessels will have a small effect on Rtotal
47
Q

What is the physiological significance of parallel circuits?

A

larger the number of parallel-coupled circuits, the smaller the total resistance

48
Q

What effect do capillaries have on resistance and pressure?

A

decrease resistance, decrease change in pressure

49
Q

What is important to maintain the flow across capillaries?

A

parallel circuits

50
Q

What is the purpose of rheology?

A

deals with deformation and flow of water

51
Q

What are the 2 types of flow of rheological properties?

A

laminar and turbulent

52
Q

What are the characteristics of laminar flow?

A

linear, ideal, energy efficient

53
Q

What is the characteristic of turbulent flow?

A

harmful to vessel wall

54
Q

Blood viscosity changes depending on what?

A

tubing dimensions and hematocrit

55
Q

What is the relationship between flow and fluid viscosity?

A

they vary inversely (decrease tube diameter = decrease viscosity = decrease resistance = increase Q)

56
Q

What is the fluid located near the capillary wall?

A

plasma (slow velocity)

57
Q

Why do red blood cells traverse capillaries faster than plasma?

A

it’s aligned with center axis (high velocity)

58
Q

How can blood flow faster in the center of the vessel?

A

by decreasing hematocrit

59
Q

When does shear occur?

A

when adjacent layers of blood travel at different velocities

60
Q

When is shear the HIGHEST?

A

at the blood vessel wall

Physiology (9 decks)

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