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Physiology > Baroreceptor & Chemoreceptor Regulation > Flashcards

Baroreceptor & Chemoreceptor Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are vascular reflexes?

A

internal sensory-feedback systems that “sense” changes in important circulatory parameters and respond via pathways that alter the tonic autonomic control of the heart and vasculature

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2
Q

Vascular reflexes work to maintain and optimize what?

A

cardiovascular performance in rpaidly changing physiological situations

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3
Q

What are the types of vascular reflexes?

A
  • peripheral baroreceptors
  • peripheral chemoreceptors
  • pulmonary stretch receptors
  • hypothalamus
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4
Q

What are arterial baroreceptors are present during?

A
  • posture changes
  • exercise
  • hemorrhage
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5
Q

Where are stretch receptors of arterial baroreceptors located?

A

in carotid sinuses and aortic arch

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6
Q

What is the role of stretch receptors of arterial baroreceptors?

A

detect physical deformations in the vessel wall due to blood pressure changes

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7
Q

What is the innervation of the carotid sinus baroreceptors?

A

the afferents travel the sinus nerve to the glossopharyngeal nerve to the NTS

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8
Q

What is the innervation of the aortic arch baroreceptors?

A

afferents travel along the vagus nerve to the NTS

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9
Q

How does the firing rate change between systole and diastole?

A

decreases during late systole and diastole

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10
Q

How does baroreceptor stimulation affect sympathetic and parasympathetic activity?

A
  • decreases sympathetic
  • increases parasympathetic
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11
Q

What does an increased baroreceptor firing rate lead to?

A

vasodilation and bradycardia

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12
Q

What is the sympathetic pathway in baroreceptor stimulation?

A

increased BP -> increased baroreceptor firing -> decreased sympathetic discharge -> decrease vasoconstriction -> decrease BP

negative feedback occurs once at the bottom and goes back to the top

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13
Q

What is the parasympathetic pathway in baroreceptor stimulation?

A

increased BP -> increased baroreceptor firing -> increased vagal discharge -> decrease heart rate -> decrease BP

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14
Q

How do arterial baroreceptors adapt?

A

occurs during long-term changes in mean arterial BP, having a decreased sensitivity to pressure changes

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15
Q

In low pressure baroreceptors, where are mechanoreceptors located?

A

atria and pulmonary vessels

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16
Q

What do afferent neurons run to the medulla?

A

the vagus

17
Q

Increased stimulation has what affect on medullary centers?

A

increases stimulation of centers

18
Q

An increase in stimulation of the medullary centers causes what?

A
  • decreased parasympathetic output to the heart (increase HR)
  • increased sympathetic output to the heart (increase HR)
19
Q

What are the 2 types of chemoreceptors?

A

central and peripheral

20
Q

What are the peripheral chemoreceptors organized into?

A

aortic and carotid bodies

21
Q

What are aortic and carotid bodies?

A

highly vascularized cells in aortic arch and carotid sinus that are sensitive to blood, O2, CO2, and pH

22
Q

What are aortic and carotid bodies involved in?

A

respiratory regulation

23
Q

What do central chemoreceptors have a primary role in?

A

respiratory regulation

24
Q

What does increased blood CO2 cause?

A
  • stimulate central chemoreceptors
  • causes increase in sympathetic outflow and vasoconstriction
25
Q

What does increased ventillation cause?

A
  • decreases blood CO2 levels
  • results in vasodilation
  • reduces stimulation of central chemoreceptors
26
Q

What are hte mechanisms involved in long term blood pressure regulation?

A
  • pituitary antidiuretic hormone
  • secretion
  • renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  • atrial natriuretic peptides
27
Q

What does long term control of blood pressure involve?

A

regulating systemic blood volume by the kidneys

28
Q

What is the mm Hg of a hypertensive individual?

A
  • mean arterial blood pressure: >100 mm Hg
  • diastolic pressure: >90 mm Hg
  • systolic pressure: >135 mm Hg
29
Q

What is the mm Hg of a severe individual?

A
  • mean arterial blood pressure: 150-170mm Hg
  • diastolic pressure: up to 130 mm Hg
  • systolic pressure: up 250 mm Hg
30
Q

In essential hypertension, how much is the mean blood pressure increased?

A

40-60%

31
Q

In essential hypertension, how much is TPR increased?

A

40-60%

32
Q

In essential hypertension, how much is renal resistance increased?

A

2-4 times

33
Q

What is the response to standing?

A
  • pooling of blood in veins> decrease arterial pressure> increase sympathetic outflow
34
Q

When standing, what does an increase in sympathetic outflow cause?

A
  • increase in heart rate, contractility, cardiac output
  • increase in TPR
  • decrease in unstressed volume

Physiology (9 decks)

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