Circulatory System and diseases Flashcards
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure
How does the heart work?
Deoxygenated blood enters via the vena cava and flows into the pulmonary artery. It returns in the pulmonary vein. The blood passes through the chambers.
What is different in the heart into hypertension?
The tricuspid valves work harder resulting in the right side of the heart becoming enlarged.
What are the risk factors of hypertension?
Obesity, aerobic exercise, alcohol, smoking, diabetes, sleep apnoea and high salt intake.
What can be the causes of hypertension?
Excess sodium, insulin resistance, increased peripheral resistance, endothelial dysfunction and stress.
What is the pathophysiology of hypertension?
There is a vessel that has a certain parenchyma which leads to small vessel atherosclerosis.
What is the presentation of hypertension?
Asymptomatic. later will show with end organ damage.
Complications of hypertension?
Coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular accident, hypertrophy, heart failure, retinopathy and vascular dementia.
What affect does hypertension have on periodontal therapy?
Due to the microcirculation some people may have pain and be unresponsive to perio treatment.
How would you manage a patient with hypertension?
stop smoking, lose weight, diet, reduce alcohol/salt and do more exercise.
What medication could a perso with hypertension be on?
CA+ blockers, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers.
What is ischemic heart disease?
The narrowing of an arterial system that is delivering blood. Respirations change form aerobic to anaerobic causing the release of acids.
What are the risk factors of heart disease?
Diabetes, obesity and hypertension
What is the cause of heart disease?
Endothelial injury leads to the exposure LDL’s and leukocytes adhere to the artery wall. Muscle is then stimulated to move to the fatty streak.
What is angina?
There is myocardial oxygen demand because of increased physical activity, emotional stress and sexual activity.
What is ischemia?
Pain that presents as chest pain and if exertion is stopped it should go away.
What is an infarction?
Where there is irreversible damage to the muscle - necrosis
How do you manage Angina?
Lifestyle/anti-platelet therapy/anti-HTN therapy/ BM control.
What is acute coronary syndrome?
unstable angina with evidence of an MI, usually angina at rest.
What is the acute coronary syndrome presentation?
Crescendo angina, tachycardia and hypotension.
What is the pathophysiology of ACS?
Rupture of fibrous plaque - exposure of lipid substances, platelet aggregation, thrombus formation, occlusion of vessel, ischemia and myocardial necrosis.
Management of ACS?
Morphine. oxygen, aspirin
Dental considerations of ACS?
Shouldn’t have an issue with stable angina with LA. Unstable is at high risk of MI. Post MI should defer treatment.
What is heart failure?
A condition where the heart is unable to generate the cardiac output that meets the needs of the body.
