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circulatory system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Structure of hemoglobin

A

4 subunits
heme for each subunit
large multi ring structure with Fe atom at the center (globular protein)

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2
Q

Hemoglobin vs Oxygen affinity

A
  • Each of the 4 subunits of hemoglobin has 1 heme unit each= 1 Molecule of hemoglobin carries 4 molecules of O2
  • the 4 subunits of hemoglobin do not bing independently of O2
  • if none of the subunits are bound to O2 = TENSE conformation = LOW O2AFFINITY
  • If only 1 of the subunits bing to O2 = conformational change from tensed state to RELAXED conformation = HIGHER O2 AFFINITY
  • Change in conformation is communicated to the other 3 subunits= alter their conformation= Increase in O2 affinity (HIGH O2 AFFINITY)
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3
Q

How does hemoglobin bind to O2 cooperatively

A

Increase in O2 binding= increase in hemoglobin affinity to O2. Depends on the conformation change from TENSE to RELAXED

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4
Q

Factors that stabilize the tense conformation of hemoglobin

A
  1. Increased pH
  2. Increased PCO2 (levels of CO2 in the blood)
  3. Increased T
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5
Q

Bohr Effect

A

Reduction in O2 affinity due to factors that stabilize tense conformation of hemoglobin

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6
Q

Percent Saturation

A

% sat= (# of O2 molecules BOUND) - (# of O2 binding sites) x 100%
-Increase in %sat of O2= more O2 molecules available= increase in O2 affinity

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7
Q

Vasodilation

A

Relaxation of smooth muscles= widening of vessels= increase in diameter= decrease in cross sectional area= increase in blood flow= decrease in resistance= increase in pressure

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8
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of smooth muscles= decrease in diameter= increase in cross sectional area= increase in resistance= decrease in blood flow= increase in BP

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9
Q

Endothelial cells

A

Lines the walls of blood vessels
Functions: Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation
Inflammation
Angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels)
Thrombosis (blood clotting)

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10
Q

Arteries

A

Thick, muscular walls, elastic

Carry blood away from the heart at high pressure

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11
Q

Veins

A

Thin walled

Carry blood towards the heart at low pressure

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12
Q

Arterioles

A

Arteries branches off into arterioles

-control the flow of blood into the capillaries

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13
Q

Capillaries

A

Single cell walled

exchange of gases

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14
Q

Blood flow

A

Arteries- Arterioles- Capillaries- Venules- Veins

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15
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Oxy- blood

Blood flow from heart- lungs- heart

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16
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Deoxy- blood

Blood flow from the heart- tissues/body- heart

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17
Q

Portal systems

A

Blood flows through multiple capillaries before returning to the heart

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18
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Blood- capillaries (intestines)- veins- liver- capillaries

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19
Q

Hypothalamic- hypophyseal portal system

A

Blood passes thru:

Capillaries(hypothalamus)- capillaries (pituitary)

20
Q

Function of portal system

A

Direct transport system

  • transport nutrients directly from intestine- liver
  • transport hormones directly from hypothalamus- pituitary (without passing through the entire body)
21
Q

Flow of blood

A

R-atrium- right ventricle- pulmonary artery- lungs- pulmonary vein- left atrium- left ventricle- aorta- arteries- arterioles- capillaries- venules- veins- Venae cave- right atrium

22
Q

Venae Cavae

A

Large veins
Blood returning to the heart from the body (body- heart)- deoxy blood
2 types:
1. Superior venae cavae(SVC)= Returns blood from the portion of the body above the heart

  1. Inferior venae cavae:
    returning from portions of the body below the heart
23
Q

Valves

A

Allows one-way flow of blood

24
Q

Atrioventricular valve

A

Exists between each ventricle and its atrium

Prevents back flow of blood

25
Q

Tricuspid/mitrial valve

A

Valve between right atrium & right ventricle

-RAT= Right-Atrium Triscupid

26
Q

Bisuspid valve

A

Valve between left atrium and left ventricle

-LAB= Left-Atrium Bicuspid

27
Q

Semi-lunar valves

A

valves between ventricles and arteries

28
Q

Types of semi-lunar valves

A
  1. aortic semilunar valve= valve between aorta(large artery) and left ventricle
  2. Pulmonary semilunar valve= valve between pulmonary artery and right ventricle
29
Q

types of leukocytes (WBC)

A
  1. Monocytes
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Granulocytes
    * plasma cells
30
Q

Monocytes

A

type of WBC/leukocyte; myeloid lineage

  • phagocytosis of debris & microorganisms
  • ameboid motility
  • chemotaxis
31
Q

Lymphocytes

A

type of WBC; lymphatic lineage
1. B cells= matures into plasma cells; prod antibodies

  1. T cells= kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells; reject tissue grafts; immune response
32
Q

Agranulocytes

A

type of WBC; myeloid lineage
1. Neutrophil= phagocyte bacteria resulting in pus; ameboid motility; chemotaxis

  1. Eosinophils= destroys parasites; allergic rxn
  2. Basophil= stores & release histamine; allergic rxns
33
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Mov’t directed by chemical stimulus

34
Q

Regulation of high BP

A
  • Decrease in sympathetic impulses to the brain
  • release of anti naturetic protein (ANP)= tells the kidney to keep excreting Na+ which in turn continues the excretion of water= resulting in low blood vol= low BP
35
Q

Oxygen affinity during exercise

A

During exercise; increase in CO2= low affinity for O2( the body needs hemoglobins to bind less to O2 and make it more available to prod ATP for the muscles)
-Shifts to the RIGHT

36
Q

Fetal hemoglobin

A

HIGHER O2 affinity than maternal hemoglobin= enables fetus to obtain oxygen from the mothers blood.
-shifts to the LEFT on O2 diss curve
Decrease in CO2; Increase in pH; Decrease in temp; decrease in BPG

37
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

pushes fluid out of the blood into surrounding cells

38
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

pulls fluids into the cells due to presence of solutes in the blood

39
Q

Regulation of fluid balance

A

hydrostatic & osmotic pressure

40
Q

Relationship b/n diameter, total cross-sectional area, peripheral resistance & blood pressure

A

Increase in diameter= decrease in total cross sectional area= decrease in resistance= increase in BP (VASODILATION)

Decrease in diameter= increase in total cross sectional area= increase in resistance= decrease in BP (VASOCONSTRICTION)

41
Q

Lymph

A

Collects excess fluid forced from the blood vessels (capillaries) as a result of high hydrostatic pressure and returns it to the blood stream

42
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of ventricles
Semi-lunar valves OPEN (Aortic and pulmonary)
AV valves CLOSED

43
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of ventricles
AV valves OPEN
Semi-lunar valves CLOSED

44
Q

Lineage of RBC and macrophages

A

Myeloid

45
Q

Lineage of B cells

A

Lymphoid

46
Q

Erythropoietin

A

hormone that mediates in the production of RBC

activated/prod in response to low O2

Biology (3 decks)

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