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circulatory system Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Structure of hemoglobin

A

4 subunits
heme for each subunit
large multi ring structure with Fe atom at the center (globular protein)

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2
Q

Hemoglobin vs Oxygen affinity

A
  • Each of the 4 subunits of hemoglobin has 1 heme unit each= 1 Molecule of hemoglobin carries 4 molecules of O2
  • the 4 subunits of hemoglobin do not bing independently of O2
  • if none of the subunits are bound to O2 = TENSE conformation = LOW O2AFFINITY
  • If only 1 of the subunits bing to O2 = conformational change from tensed state to RELAXED conformation = HIGHER O2 AFFINITY
  • Change in conformation is communicated to the other 3 subunits= alter their conformation= Increase in O2 affinity (HIGH O2 AFFINITY)
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3
Q

How does hemoglobin bind to O2 cooperatively

A

Increase in O2 binding= increase in hemoglobin affinity to O2. Depends on the conformation change from TENSE to RELAXED

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4
Q

Factors that stabilize the tense conformation of hemoglobin

A
  1. Increased pH
  2. Increased PCO2 (levels of CO2 in the blood)
  3. Increased T
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5
Q

Bohr Effect

A

Reduction in O2 affinity due to factors that stabilize tense conformation of hemoglobin

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6
Q

Percent Saturation

A

% sat= (# of O2 molecules BOUND) - (# of O2 binding sites) x 100%
-Increase in %sat of O2= more O2 molecules available= increase in O2 affinity

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7
Q

Vasodilation

A

Relaxation of smooth muscles= widening of vessels= increase in diameter= decrease in cross sectional area= increase in blood flow= decrease in resistance= increase in pressure

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8
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of smooth muscles= decrease in diameter= increase in cross sectional area= increase in resistance= decrease in blood flow= increase in BP

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9
Q

Endothelial cells

A

Lines the walls of blood vessels
Functions: Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation
Inflammation
Angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels)
Thrombosis (blood clotting)

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10
Q

Arteries

A

Thick, muscular walls, elastic

Carry blood away from the heart at high pressure

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11
Q

Veins

A

Thin walled

Carry blood towards the heart at low pressure

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12
Q

Arterioles

A

Arteries branches off into arterioles

-control the flow of blood into the capillaries

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13
Q

Capillaries

A

Single cell walled

exchange of gases

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14
Q

Blood flow

A

Arteries- Arterioles- Capillaries- Venules- Veins

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15
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Oxy- blood

Blood flow from heart- lungs- heart

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16
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Deoxy- blood

Blood flow from the heart- tissues/body- heart

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17
Q

Portal systems

A

Blood flows through multiple capillaries before returning to the heart

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18
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Blood- capillaries (intestines)- veins- liver- capillaries

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19
Q

Hypothalamic- hypophyseal portal system

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A

Blood passes thru:

Capillaries(hypothalamus)- capillaries (pituitary)

20
Q

Function of portal system

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A

Direct transport system

  • transport nutrients directly from intestine- liver
  • transport hormones directly from hypothalamus- pituitary (without passing through the entire body)
21
Q

Flow of blood

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A

R-atrium- right ventricle- pulmonary artery- lungs- pulmonary vein- left atrium- left ventricle- aorta- arteries- arterioles- capillaries- venules- veins- Venae cave- right atrium

22
Q

Venae Cavae

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A

Large veins
Blood returning to the heart from the body (body- heart)- deoxy blood
2 types:
1. Superior venae cavae(SVC)= Returns blood from the portion of the body above the heart

  1. Inferior venae cavae:
    returning from portions of the body below the heart
23
Q

Valves

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A

Allows one-way flow of blood

24
Q

Atrioventricular valve

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A

Exists between each ventricle and its atrium

Prevents back flow of blood

25
Tricuspid/mitrial valve
Valve between right atrium & right ventricle | -RAT= Right-Atrium Triscupid
26
Bisuspid valve
Valve between left atrium and left ventricle | -LAB= Left-Atrium Bicuspid
27
Semi-lunar valves
valves between ventricles and arteries
28
Types of semi-lunar valves
1. aortic semilunar valve= valve between aorta(large artery) and left ventricle 2. Pulmonary semilunar valve= valve between pulmonary artery and right ventricle
29
types of leukocytes (WBC)
1. Monocytes 2. Lymphocytes 3. Granulocytes * plasma cells
30
Monocytes
type of WBC/leukocyte; myeloid lineage - phagocytosis of debris & microorganisms - ameboid motility - chemotaxis
31
Lymphocytes
type of WBC; lymphatic lineage 1. B cells= matures into plasma cells; prod antibodies 2. T cells= kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells; reject tissue grafts; immune response
32
Agranulocytes
type of WBC; myeloid lineage 1. Neutrophil= phagocyte bacteria resulting in pus; ameboid motility; chemotaxis 2. Eosinophils= destroys parasites; allergic rxn 3. Basophil= stores & release histamine; allergic rxns
33
Chemotaxis
Mov't directed by chemical stimulus
34
Regulation of high BP
- Decrease in sympathetic impulses to the brain - release of anti naturetic protein (ANP)= tells the kidney to keep excreting Na+ which in turn continues the excretion of water= resulting in low blood vol= low BP
35
Oxygen affinity during exercise
During exercise; increase in CO2= low affinity for O2( the body needs hemoglobins to bind less to O2 and make it more available to prod ATP for the muscles) -Shifts to the RIGHT
36
Fetal hemoglobin
HIGHER O2 affinity than maternal hemoglobin= enables fetus to obtain oxygen from the mothers blood. -shifts to the LEFT on O2 diss curve Decrease in CO2; Increase in pH; Decrease in temp; decrease in BPG
37
Hydrostatic pressure
pushes fluid out of the blood into surrounding cells
38
Osmotic pressure
pulls fluids into the cells due to presence of solutes in the blood
39
Regulation of fluid balance
hydrostatic & osmotic pressure
40
Relationship b/n diameter, total cross-sectional area, peripheral resistance & blood pressure
Increase in diameter= decrease in total cross sectional area= decrease in resistance= increase in BP (VASODILATION) Decrease in diameter= increase in total cross sectional area= increase in resistance= decrease in BP (VASOCONSTRICTION)
41
Lymph
Collects excess fluid forced from the blood vessels (capillaries) as a result of high hydrostatic pressure and returns it to the blood stream
42
Systole
Contraction of ventricles Semi-lunar valves OPEN (Aortic and pulmonary) AV valves CLOSED
43
Diastole
Relaxation of ventricles AV valves OPEN Semi-lunar valves CLOSED
44
Lineage of RBC and macrophages
Myeloid
45
Lineage of B cells
Lymphoid
46
Erythropoietin
hormone that mediates in the production of RBC | activated/prod in response to low O2

Biology (3 decks)

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