Circulatory System

Question 1

Movement of Blood through Circulatory system (start at Vena cava)

Answer 1

Vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body, vena cava.

Question 2

Function of circulatory system

Answer 2

Transports nutrients and gases around the body

Question 3

Erythrocytes

Answer 3

• Red blood cells
• Produced in bone marrow
• Haemoglobin carries O2 molecule

Question 4

Thrombocytes

Answer 4

• Platelets

- responsible for clotting blood

Question 5

Coagulation

Answer 5

When a blood vessel is injured, the tissues release a chemical that makes the platelets stick to the opening.
When the injury to the blood vessel is larger, platelets begin the process of forming a blood clot.

Question 6

Haemostasis

Answer 6

Clot formation process:

1. Blood vessel contracts, causing reduced blood loss at the wound
2. platelets are chemically attracted to the wounded epithelium and stick together
3. Fibrin filaments from the blood are activated and attach to the wound causing a net/mesh-like structure

Simpler terms:

1. Vascular spasm
2. formation of platelet plug
3. Coagulation

Question 7

Abnormal clots (Thrombus

Answer 7

if a thrombus dislodges and floats through the blood it is called an embolus.
Can be dangerous as they restrict blood flow.
e.g. stroke, heart attack, death may occur

Question 8

Blood types

Answer 8

Determined by presence of ANTIGENS on red blood cells. Antigens stimulate the blood to agglutinate (clump) when they encounter a different type of blood cell.
A, Ab, B, O

Question 9

3 proteins in Plasma

Answer 9

1. albumin - Regulates osmosis between blood and tissue
2. Globulins - Transport substances and fight infection
3. Fibrinogen - Used in blood clotting

Question 10

RH factor

Answer 10

The Rh system is determined by the presence or absence of an RH antigen on their red blood cells.
Rh- people form anti-RH antibodies when they come into contact with RH+ blood.

Question 11

RH factors and pregnancy

Answer 11

If mother is RH- and the baby is RH+, and blood is leaked it causes mother’s blood to form anti-RH antibodies.
If mother the has another RH+ baby, her body will treat fetes as a foreign substance and destroy baby’s blood cells.

Question 12

Leukocytes

Answer 12

Granulocytes - have lobe shaped nuclei and visible granules:
- Basophil
- Eosinophil
- Neutrophil
Granulocytes - have spherical/kidney shaped nuclei, no visible granules
- Lymphocyte
- Monocyte

Question 13

Whole blood transfusion

Answer 13

Has a chemical added to prevent clotting, transfused mainly in severe cases of blood loss

Question 14

Red cell concentrates (transfusion)

Answer 14

Most widely used component of blood, made by centrifuging whole blood to seperate cells from plasma

Question 15

Platelet Concentrates (transfusion)

Answer 15

Given to patients with abnormal platelets or a reduced number of platelets

Question 16

Plasmatransfusion

Answer 16

Liquid part of blood; may be given to patients needing extra clotting factors or have liver disease

Question 17

Cryoprecipitate (transfusion)

Answer 17

Obtained by freezing the plasma and thawing slowly. The cryoprecipitate which contains many of the substances needed for clotting, remain solid.

Question 18

Immunoglobulin transfusion

Answer 18

A group of proteins that act as antibodies; extracted from plasma of suitable donors.

Question 19

Pulmonary circuit

Answer 19

Carries blood from heart to lungs and back

Picks up O2 and releases CO2

Question 20

Systematic circuit

Answer 20

Carries blood from heart to body tissues and back

Picks up CO2 and releases O2

Question 21

Heart muscle is composed of what 3 layers

Answer 21

Epicardium - outer layer
Myocardium - middle layer
Endocardium - Inner layer

Question 22

List valves in heart ❤️

Answer 22

Between atria and ventricles:
Right - Tricuspid
Left - Bicuspid / mitrial
Between ventricles and blood vessels 
Right - Pulmonary valve
Left - Aortic valve

Question 23

Sinoatrial node

Answer 23

Begins impulse which causes contraction of the atria

Question 24

Atrioventricular node

Answer 24

Impulse pauses to let atria empty into ventricles, then causes ventricles to contract, pushing blood out of heart.

Question 25

Systole

Answer 25

Pumping phase of cycle, when heart contracts

Question 26

Diastole

Answer 26

Filling phase of cycle, when heart relaxes

Question 27

Cardiac output equation

Answer 27

Cardiac output = stroke volume (mL) x Heart Rate (beats/min)

Question 28

Cardiac output

Answer 28

Amount of blood leaving ventricles per minute

Question 29

Stroke volume

Answer 29

Volume of blood leaving ventricles each contraction

Question 30

Heart rate

Answer 30

Heart beats per minute

Question 31

Pericardial fluid

Answer 31

Reduces friction within the pericardium by lubricating the epicardial surface.