Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology II > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Which way does blood flow?

A

From the heart, through arteries, to capillaries, and back to heart from veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is blood flow involved in?

A

Delivery of O2 and nutrients to, and removal of waste from, tissue cells.
Gas exchange (lungs)
Absorption of nutrients
Urine formation (kidneys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the rate of blood flow?

A

precisely the right amount to provide for proper function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is required to maintain blood pressure?

A

Cooperation of the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys.

Supervision by the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When is blood flow the fastest?

A

in the aorta, slowest in the capillaries, increases again in veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does slow capillary flow allow for?

A

allows adequate time for exchange between blood and tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Does blood flow change?

A

Yes, is changes as it travels through the systemic circulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is blood flow inversely related to?

A

the total cross sectional area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vital Signs

A

pulse and blood pressure, along with respiratory rate and blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is pulse?

A

pressure wave caused by the expansion and recoil of arteries. Routinely taken at the wrist.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the common places to take a pulse?

A

Superficial temporal artery, Facial artery, Common carotid artery, Brachial artery, Radial artery, Femoral artery, Popiteal artery, Posterior tibial artery, Dorsalis pedis artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Superficial Temporal Artery

A

Temples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Facial Artery

A

High Jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Common Carotid Artery

A

Base of neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Brachial Artery

A

inside of elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Radial Artery

A

inside of wrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Femoral Artery

A

Groin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Popliteal Artery

A

Behind knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Posterior tibal artery

A

inside of ankle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dorsalis pedis artery

A

top of foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some things that may vary blood pressure?

A

Age, sex, weight, race, mood, and posture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When does blood pressure peak?

A

In the morning due to levels of hormones, making it a danger time raising the risk of heart attack.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Does Blood Pressure change?

A

Yes, is cycles over a 24 hour period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Low blood pressure. systolic pressure below 100 mm Hg. Often associated with long life and lack of cardiovascular illness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Orthostatic Hypotension

A

temporary low blood pressure and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclined position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Chronic hypotension

A

hont of poor nutrition and warning sign for Addison’s disease or hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Acute hypotension

A

important sign of circulatory shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure, sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher. Often persistent in obese people. May be transient adaptations during fever, physical exertion, and emotional upset.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What can prolonged hypertension result in?

A

heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Primary/Essential hypertension

A

90% of hypertension conditions. Due to several risk factors including heredity, diet, obesity, age, stress, diabetes mellitus, and smoking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

Less common form or hypertension. Due to identifiable disorders, including kidney disease, arteriosclerosis, and endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism and Cushing’s syndrome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

short loop that runs from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

systemic circulation

A

long loop to all parts of the body and back to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the sequence of electrical excitation

A
  1. The sinoatrial node (pacemaker) generates impulses
  2. The impulses pause at the atrioventricle node. (AV node)
  3. The artioventricle bundle connects the atria to the ventricles. (AV bundles)
  4. The bundle branches conduct the impulses through the interventricular septum.
  5. The Purkinje fibers depolarize the contractile cells of both ventricles.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the QRS complex

A

Electrical signal showing when ventricles are depolarized.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the two fetal shunts?

A

Ductus arteriosus and Foramen ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are arteries and vein made of?

A

Tunica intima, Tunica, media, Tunica externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Lumen

A

central blood containing space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are capillaries made of?

A

Endothelium with sparse basal lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Tunica intima

A

endothelium lies the lumen of all vessels
In vessels larger than 1mm, a subendothemlial connective tissue basement membrane is present.
Inner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Tunica media

A

smooth muscle and sheets of elastin
Sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers control vasocinstriction and vasodialation of vessals
Middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Tunica externa/tunica adventitia

A

collagen fibers protect and reinforce
larger vessels contain vasa vasorum to nourish the external layer.
Outer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which are thicker arteries or veins?

A

Arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Elastic (conducting) arteries

A

Large thick walled arteries with elastin in all three tunics
Aorta and its major branches
large lumen offers low resistance
Act as pressure reservoirs - expand and recoil as blood is ejected from the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Muscular (distributing) arteries and arterioles

A

distal to elastic arteries; deliver blood to body organs
have thick tunica media with more smooth muscle
active in vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Arterioles

A

smallest arteries
lead to capillary beds
control flow into capillary bed via vasodialation and vasoconstriction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Venules

A

Formed when capillary beds unite
very porous; allow fluids and WBCs into tissues
Postcapillary venules consist of endothelium and a few pericytes
larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is blood flow involved in?

A

Delivery of O2 and nutrients to, and removal of waste from, tissue cells.
Gas exchange (lungs)
Absorption of nutrients
Urine formation (kidneys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the rate of blood flow?

A

precisely the right amount to provide for proper function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is required to maintain blood pressure?

A

Cooperation of the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys.

Supervision by the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

When is blood flow the fastest?

A

in the aorta, slowest in the capillaries, increases again in veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What does slow capillary flow allow for?

A

allows adequate time for exchange between blood and tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Does blood flow change?

A

Yes, is changes as it travels through the systemic circulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is blood flow inversely related to?

A

the total cross sectional area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Vital Signs

A

pulse and blood pressure, along with respiratory rate and blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is pulse?

A

pressure wave caused by the expansion and recoil of arteries. Routinely taken at the wrist.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the common places to take a pulse?

A

Superficial temporal artery, Facial artery, Common carotid artery, Brachial artery, Radial artery, Femoral artery, Popiteal artery, Posterior tibial artery, Dorsalis pedis artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Superficial Temporal Artery

A

Temples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Facial Artery

A

High Jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Common Carotid Artery

A

Base of neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Brachial Artery

A

inside of elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Radial Artery

A

inside of wrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Femoral Artery

A

Groin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Popliteal Artery

A

Behind knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Posterior tibal artery

A

inside of ankle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Dorsalis pedis artery

A

top of foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are some things that may vary blood pressure?

A

Age, sex, weight, race, mood, and posture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

When does blood pressure peak?

A

In the morning due to levels of hormones, making it a danger time raising the risk of heart attack.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Does Blood Pressure change?

A

Yes, is cycles over a 24 hour period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Low blood pressure. systolic pressure below 100 mm Hg. Often associated with long life and lack of cardiovascular illness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Orthostatic Hypotension

A

temporary low blood pressure and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclined position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Chronic hypotension

A

hont of poor nutrition and warning sign for Addison’s disease or hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Acute hypotension

A

important sign of circulatory shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure, sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher. Often persistent in obese people. May be transient adaptations during fever, physical exertion, and emotional upset.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What can prolonged hypertension result in?

A

heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Primary/Essential hypertension

A

90% of hypertension conditions. Due to several risk factors including heredity, diet, obesity, age, stress, diabetes mellitus, and smoking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

Less common form or hypertension. Due to identifiable disorders, including kidney disease, arteriosclerosis, and endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism and Cushing’s syndrome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

short loop that runs from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

systemic circulation

A

long loop to all parts of the body and back to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What is the sequence of electrical excitation

A
  1. The sinoatrial node (pacemaker) generates impulses
  2. The impulses pause at the atrioventricle node. (AV node)
  3. The artioventricle bundle connects the atria to the ventricles. (AV bundles)
  4. The bundle branches conduct the impulses through the interventricular septum.
  5. The Purkinje fibers depolarize the contractile cells of both ventricles.
81
Q

What is the QRS complex

A

Electrical signal showing when ventricles are depolarized.

82
Q

What are the two fetal shunts?

A

Ductus arteriosus and Foramen ovale

83
Q

What are arteries and vein made of?

A

Tunica intima, Tunica, media, Tunica externa

84
Q

Lumen

A

central blood containing space

85
Q

What are capillaries made of?

A

Endothelium with sparse basal lamina

86
Q

Tunica intima

A

endothelium lies the lumen of all vessels
In vessels larger than 1mm, a subendothemlial connective tissue basement membrane is present.
Inner

87
Q

Tunica media

A

smooth muscle and sheets of elastin
Sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers control vasocinstriction and vasodialation of vessals
Middle

88
Q

Tunica externa/tunica adventitia

A

collagen fibers protect and reinforce
larger vessels contain vasa vasorum to nourish the external layer.
Outer

89
Q

Which are thicker arteries or veins?

A

Arteries

90
Q

Elastic (conducting) arteries

A

Large thick walled arteries with elastin in all three tunics
Aorta and its major branches
large lumen offers low resistance
Act as pressure reservoirs - expand and recoil as blood is ejected from the heart.

91
Q

Muscular (distributing) arteries and arterioles

A

distal to elastic arteries; deliver blood to body organs
have thick tunica media with more smooth muscle
active in vasoconstriction

92
Q

Arterioles

A

smallest arteries
lead to capillary beds
control flow into capillary bed via vasodialation and vasoconstriction.

93
Q

Venules

A

Formed when capillary beds unite
very porous; allow fluids and WBCs into tissues
Postcapillary venules consist of endothelium and a few pericytes
larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells

94
Q

Veins

A

Formed when venules converge
Have thinner walls, larger lumens compared with corresponding arteries.
Blood pressure is lower than in arteries
Thin tunica media and thick tunica externa consisting of collagen fibers and elastic networks.
Called capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs); Contain up to 65% of the blood supply.

95
Q

Capillaries

A

Microscopic blood vessels
Walls of thin tunica intima, one cell thick
Pedicures help stabilize their walls and control permeability
Size allows only a single RBC to pass at a time

96
Q

What is the function capillaries and where can you find them?

A

Exchange of nutrients, waste, hormones, ECT

In all tissues except for cartilage epithelial cornea and lens of eye

97
Q

Capillary beds

A

Interwoven networks of capillaries form the microcirculation between arterioles and venules

98
Q

Sinusoidal Capillaries

A

Fewer tight junctions, larger intercellular class, larger lumens
Usually fenestrated
Allow large molecules in blood cells to pass between the blood and surrounding tissues
Found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen

99
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

Some endothelial cells contain pores (fenestrations)
More permeable than continuous capillaries
Function in absorption or filtrate formation (Small intestine, endocrine glands, and kidneys)

100
Q

What are the four ways of transportation and capillaries

A
  1. through membrane, lipid soluble substances
  2. Movement through intercellular clefts, water-soluble substances
  3. Movement through fenestrations, water soluble substances (window)
  4. Transport via vesicles or caveolae, Large substances
101
Q

Which type of capillaries are most permeable?

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

102
Q

How does blood flow through capillary beds?

A

Precapillary sphincter’s regulate blood flow into true capillaries
Regulated by a local chemical conditions and vasomotor nerves, Sympathetic division of ANS.

103
Q

What is blood?

A

A fluid connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements

104
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A

Red blood cells; erythrocytes
White blood cells; leukocytes
Platelets

105
Q

What percent of blood volume is red blood cells(hematocrit)

A

47% + or -5% for males

42% + or -5% for females

106
Q

What is the process to separate blood?

A
  1. With draw blood and place in tube
  2. Centrifuge the blood sample

Blood will separate into plasma:55% of whole blood content, least dense component, Buffy coat: leukocytes & platelets, less than 1% of whole blood, erythrocytes: 45% of whole blood, most dense component

107
Q

What are the physical characteristics and volume of blood?

A 
Sticky, opaque fluid
Color scarlet to dark red
pH 7.35 – 7.45
38°C (100.4°F)
Approximately 8% of body weight
Average volume: 5-6 L for males, 4-5 L for females
108
Q

What does blood distribute?

A

02 and nutrients to body cells
Metabolic waste to the lungs and kidneys for elimination
Hormones from endocrine organs to target organs

109
Q

What does blood regulate?

A

Body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
Normal pH using buffers
Adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system

110
Q

What does blood protect against?

A

Blood loss: plasma proteins and platelets initiate clot formation
Infections : antibodies, complement proteins,and white blood cells defend against foreign invaders

111
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

90% water
Proteins are mostly produced by the liver; 60% albumin(transport), 36% globulins, 4%fibrinogen (clotting)

Nitrogenous by-products of metabolism- Lactic acid, urea, creatine
Nutrients – glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids
Electrolytes – Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-
Respiratory gases – O2 and CO2
Hormones

112
Q

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

A

Function is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

113
Q

Function of WBC Neutrophil

A

Phagocytize bacteria

114
Q

Function of WBC eosinophil

A

Kill parasitic worms; complex roll in allergy and asthma

115
Q

Function of WBC basophil

A

Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin, and anticoagulant

116
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

117
Q

What is the function of WBC lymphocyte?

A

Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via anti-bodies

118
Q

What is the function of WBC monocyte

A

Phagocytosis; Develop into macrophages in the tissues

119
Q

What are the types of a agranulocytes

A

Lymphocyte and monocyte

120
Q

What are the only complete cells?

A

White blood cells

121
Q

What are platelets?

A

Formed elements

122
Q

Do red blood cells have nuclei or organelles?

A

No

123
Q

How long do most formed elements survive in the blood stream?

A

Only a few days

124
Q

Where do most blood cells originate?

A

In bone marrow

125
Q

Do blood cells divide?

A

Most do not

126
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no organelles
Filled with hemoglobin for gas transport
Provide flexibility to change shape as necessary
Are the major factor contributing to blood viscosity

127
Q

What structural characteristics of erythrocytes contribute to gas structure?

A

Biconcave shape, huge surface area relative to volume
>97% hemoglobin - not counting water
No mitochondria; ATP production is anaerobic no O2 is used in the generation of ATP

128
Q

Erythrocyte function

A

Rbcs are dedicated to respiratory gas function
Hemoglobin binds reversibility with hemoglobin structure
Oxygen

129
Q

Each Hb molecule can transport how many O2?

A

4

130
Q

O2 loading in the lungs…

A

Produces oxyhemoglobin (ruby red)

131
Q

O2 unloading in the tissues…

A

Produces deoxyhemoglobin or reduced hemoglobin (dark red)

132
Q

CO2 loading in the tissues

A

Reduces carbaminohemoglobin ( carries 20% of CO2 in the blood)

133
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation - occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphytes of humerus and femur

134
Q

Hemocyteblasts

A

Hematopoietic stem cells - give raise to all formed elements

135
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Red blood cell production
Ejection of the nucleus and formation of reticulocytes
Reticulocytes then become mature erythrocytes

136
Q

Too few RBCs leads to

A

Tissue hypoxia

137
Q

Too many RBCs increases

A

Blood viscosity

138
Q

The balance between RBC production and destruction depends on

A

Hormonal controls

Adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins

139
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia

Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis

140
Q

What are the causes of hypoxia?

A

Hemorrhage or increases RBC destruction reduces RBC numbers
Insufficient hemoglobin
Reduced availability of O2

141
Q

What are the dietary requirements for erythrocytes?

A

Amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, iron, folic acid,and B12

142
Q

What is the lifespan of erythrocytes?

A

100-20 days

143
Q

How are erythrocytes destructed?

A

They become fragile
Hb begins to degenerate
Macrophages engulf dying RBCs in the spleen

144
Q

What happens after the heme and globin are separated from a dying erythrocytes?

A

Iron is salvaged for reuse
Heme is degraded to yellow the pigment bilirubin
Liver secretes bilirubin (in bile) into the intestines
Degraded pigment leaves the body in feces as stercobilin
Globin I’d metabolized into amino acids

145
Q

Anemia

A

Blood has abnormally low O2 carrying capacity
A sign rather than a disease itself
Accompanied by fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and chills
Blood O2 levels can not support normal metabolism

146
Q

What are the causes of anemia?

A 
Insufficient erythrocytes 
Low hemoglobin content
Pernicious anemia 
Sickle cell anemia 
Abnormal hemoglobin
147
Q

Hemorrhagic anemia

A

Acute or chronic loss of blood

148
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

RBCs rupture prematurely

149
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow

150
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

Secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia
Inadequate intake of iron containing foods
Impaired iron absorption

151
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Defective gene codes for abnormal hemoglobin
Causes RBCs to become sickle shaped in low oxygen situations

Point mutation 6- Val in stead of glu

152
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Deficiency of vitamin B12
Lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorption of B12
Treated by intramuscular injection of B12 or application of Nascobal

153
Q

Polycythemia

A

Excess of RBCs that increase blood viscosity

Results from
Polycythemia Vera- bone marrow cancer
Secondary polycythemia- when less O2 is available (high altitude) or when EPO production increases
Blood doping

154
Q

Leukocytes

A

Make up <1% of total blood volume
Can leave capillaries via diapedesis
Move through tissue space by ameboid motion and positive chemotaxis

155
Q

Leukocytosis

A

WBC count over 11,000 mm3

Normal response to bacterial or viral invasion

156
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Large dark purple circular nuclei with a rim of thin of blue cytoplasm
Mostly in lymphoid tissue, few circulate in the blood
Crucial to immunity
2 types

157
Q

T cells

A

Lymphocyte that act agin sty virus infected cells and tumor cells

158
Q

B cells

A

Lymphocytes that give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

159
Q

Monocytes

A

The largest leukocytes
Abundant pale blue cytoplasm
Dark purple staining, U or kidney shaped nuclei
Leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages
Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response

160
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Production of WBC

Stimulated by chemical messengers from bone marrow and mature WBCs

161
Q

What do all leukocytes originate from

A

Hemocyteblasts

162
Q

Leukocyte disorders

A

Leukopenia

Leukemia

163
Q

Leukopenia

A

Abnormally low WBC count-drug induced

164
Q

Leukemias

A

Cancerous conditions in involving WBCs

Named according to abnormal WBC clone involved

165
Q

Myelocytic leukemia

A

Involves myeloblasts

166
Q

Lymphocytic leukemia

A

Involves lymphocyte’s

167
Q

Acute leukemia

A

Involves blast like cells and primarily affects children

168
Q

Chronic leukemia

A

More prevalent in older people

169
Q

Leukemia

A

Bone marrow totally occupied with cancerous leukocytes
Immature nonfunctional WBCs in the bloodstream
Death caused by internal hemorrhage and overwhelming infections
Treatment include irradiation anitleukemic drugs and stem cell transplants

170
Q

Platelets

A

Small fragments of megakaryocytic
Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
Blue staining outer region purple granules
Granules contain serotonin enzymes ADP Ca2 and platelet derived growth factor
Contain actin and myosin which allows them to contract

171
Q

What do Platelets do?

A

Form a temporary platelet plug that help seal breaks in blood vessels

172
Q

Hemostasis (coagulation)

A

That series of reactions for stoppage of blood
1 Vascular spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3 Coagulation

173
Q

What causes vascular spasm?

A

Vasoconstriction of damage blood vessel

Triggered by direct injury, thinking reflexes, and Chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets

174
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

At the sight of blood vessel injury, platelets stick to Exposed collagen fibers, then swell, become spiked and sticky, and release chemical messengers causing more platelets

175
Q

Coagulation

A

A set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a Gel
Reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads

176
Q

Clot retraction

A

Actin and myosin and platelets contract with and 30 to 60 minutes
Platelets pull on the fibrin strands,squeezing serum from the clot

177
Q

Clot repair

A

Platelet derived growth factor stimulates division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild blood vessel wall
Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates in the endothelial cells to multiply and restore the endothelial lining

178
Q

Drop in blood volume results in what

A

A drop in blood pressure

179
Q

What are the types of blood?

A

A, B, AB,and O

180
Q

What blood type is a universal recipient?

A

AB

181
Q

What blood type is a universal donor?

A

O

182
Q

Thrombus

A

Clot that develops and persist in and on broken blood vessel

May block circulation leading to tissue death

183
Q

Embolus

A

A thrombus freely floating in the bloodstream
Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen
Cerebral emboli can cause strokes

184
Q

What prevents thrombrobolytic disorders

A

Aspirin-Anti-prostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2
heparin-Anticoagulant used clinically for pre-and post operative cardiac care
warfarin-Used for those prone to atrial fibrillation

185
Q

Thromboembolytic disorders

A

Undesirable clot formation

186
Q

Bleeding disorders

A

Abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

187
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Deficient number of circulating platelets
Widespread hemorrhage
Treated with transfusion of concentrated platelets

188
Q

Impaired liver function

A

Inability to synthesize pro coagulants
Causes include vitamin K deficiency hepatitis and cirrhosis
Liver disease can also prevent the letter from producing bile impairing fat and vitamin K absorption

189
Q

Hemophilias

A

Include several similar hereditary bleeding disorders
Symptoms include prolonged bleeding especially in the joint cavities
Treated with plasma infusions and injection of missing factors

190
Q

Red blood cell membranes bear 30 types of glycoprotein antigens that are

A

Perceived as foreign if transfused blood is mismatched
Unique to each individual
Promoters of agglutination and are called agglutinogens

191
Q

The presence or absence of what is used to classify blood cells into the different groups

A

Each antigen

192
Q

How many varieties of naturally occurring red blood cells antigens do humans have

A

30

193
Q

How many different types of Rh agglutinogens are there

A

45

C ,D, and E are the most common

194
Q

How are anti-HR antibodies formed

A

If a RH-individual receives Rh+ blood

195
Q

Are anti Rh antibodies Spontaneously formed Rh-individuals

A

No

196
Q

Transfusions

A

Whole blood transfusions are used when blood loss is substantial
Transfusion of incompatible blood can be fatal
Packed red blood cells with the plasma remove are used to restore oxygen-carrying capacity

197
Q

Transfusion reactions

A

Occur if mismatched blood confused
Donor cells
are attacked by the recipients plasma agglutinins
Rupture and release free hemoglobin into the bloodstream
Clot small blood vessels
Resulting in diminished oxygen-carrying capacity and hemoglobin in kidney tubules and renal failure

198
Q

Restoring blood volume

A

Death from shock may result from low blood volume
Volume must be replaced immediately with normal saline or multiple of electrolyte solution that mimic’s plasma electrolyte composition and plasma expanders

199
Q

Carotid artery

A

Base of neck

Anatomy & Physiology II (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions