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KIN 142 LECTURE FINAL > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the circulatory system composed of?

A

heart, blood vessels, and blood

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2
Q

what is the function of the circulatory system?

A

transport essential materials (02, fueld, molecules, hormones) throughout body to cells where they are needed and to collect waste materials ( co2, urea)

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3
Q

What are the two sections the circ system is divided to?

A

pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

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4
Q

what is the pulmonary circuit?

A

blood vessels going to and from LUNGS

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5
Q

what is the systemic circuit?

A

blood vessels going to and from rest of TISSUES of the body

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6
Q

define the heart

A

four chamber, muscular pump which propels blood through blood vessels

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7
Q

What is the atria?

A

two upper chambers of heart

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8
Q

What are ventricles?

A

two lower chambers of heart

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9
Q

What divides sides of heart?

A

septum

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10
Q

Function of right ventricle?

A

pumps blood through pulmonary circuit

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11
Q

function of left ventricle?

A

pumps blood through systemic circuit

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12
Q

Why is wall of left ventricle thicker then wall of right?

A

systemic circulation is much higher pressure system than pulmonary circulation

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13
Q

what is the direction of blood flow in heart controlled by?

A

undirectional valves

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14
Q

what is a heart murmur?

A

valve damaged or does not close properly which causes blood regurgitiates causing a noise

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15
Q

what is myocardium?

A

heart muscle > cardiac muscle

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16
Q

what is the difference in fibres from skeletal muscle?

A

gibers or cells in cardiac muscle all anatomically interconnected ( functional syncytium )

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17
Q

what is functional syncytium?

A

when one fiber contracts, all contracts

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18
Q

what is SA node

A

pacemaker of heart, located bottom wall of right atrium

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19
Q

what is the pathway of conduction of the wave of the cardiac impulse across the heart?

A

atrial muscles fibers cause contraction of SA node -> A-V node -> A-V bundle -> left and right bundle branches -> purkinjie fibers travel throughout ventricular myocardium -> simultaneous contraction of l and r ventricles

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20
Q

why is cardiac impulse delayed in AV node for approx 0.10 secs?

A

give atria time to contract and empty contents into ventricles

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21
Q

what is electrocardiography

A

record of wave of depolarization (cardiac impulse) as it passes across heart using electrodes on surface of body

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22
Q

what are the components of a normal EKG waveform?

A

P wave - atrial depolarization
QRS wave- ventricular depolarization
T wave - ventricular repolarization

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23
Q

what is arrhythmia

A

irregularity in the rhythm of heartbeat

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24
Q

how to diagnose arrhythmias

A

look at heart rate, amplitude and shapes of compnents of EKH waveform and time intervals

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25
Q

examples of arryhthmias?

A

atrial - tachycardia
nodal - second and third degree heart blocks
ventricular - premature ventricular contraction, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation

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26
Q

what is the heart muscle supplied by?

A

left coronary artery and right

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27
Q

why does cardiac muscle have rich blood supply?

A

dependent on aerobic metabolism

28
Q

what is normal blood flow to myocardium at rest?

A

5% of total cardiac output

29
Q

how much 02 is extracted from blood flowing in the coronary vessel?

A

70-80% compared to avg of 30% in other tissues

30
Q

what are arteries?

A

blood vessels carrying blood away from heart

31
Q

what happens from large to small arteries?

A

less elastic tissue in the wall of artery and more smooth muscle

32
Q

what are arterioles?

A

arteries under 0.5 mm in diameter

33
Q

how can you increase of decrease blood flow to various capillaries?

A

constricting or relaxing the thick layer of smooth muscle in walls of arterioles

34
Q

what do arteries and arterioles do in circulatory system?

A

constitute high pressure

35
Q

what are capillaries?

A

thin walled vessels

- site of exchange of nutrients and gases between blood and tissues

36
Q

describe the capillaries in human body

A

SA = 6000 sq metres
60 000 miles long
mass= twice size of liver

37
Q

what are venules

A

small vessels which conduct venous blood from cap to veins

38
Q

what are veins

A

vessels that convey blood toward heart

39
Q

describe veins

A
  • greater diameter, thinner walled then arteries
  • both superficial and deep veins
  • smooth muscle in their walls allowing the to change diameter
40
Q

what do venules and veins do in circulatory system?

A

constitute low pressure

41
Q

what are valves?

A

found in veins which carry blood against gravity (veins of legs)

42
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms involved in returning of blood to heart?

A
  • pressure diff b/t L ventricle and R atrium 120 mm Hg - 3mm Hg = 117 mm Hg driving pressure
  • skeletal muscle pump: active muscles squeeze veins and push blood towards heart
  • respiratory pump: decrease pressure in thoracic cavity during inspiration > easier for blood to return to lower portions of body from inferior vena cava > thoracic cavity > right atrium of heart
43
Q

what is blood composed of?

A

red, white blood cells and platelets in plasma

44
Q

plasma

A
  • makes up 50-60% of blood by volume

- 90% water and 10% solutes

45
Q

when is blood volume greater?

A

for larger more endurance trained, altitude accustomed people

46
Q

Describe red blood cells

A

erythrocytes
- biconcave discs
- in human blood: 5-6 million RBC/cubic mm of blood
-hematocrit: ratio of volume of blood cells to total volume of blood as a %
38%-40% females and 45-47 in males

47
Q

where are RBCS formed?

A

red bone marrow in ends of long bones and in flat bones

48
Q

how long can rbc last?

A

120 days

49
Q

what does rbc contain

A

hemoglobin

50
Q

what is hemoglobin and what does it do?

A

transports 02 and c02, iron containing protein which reversibly binds w o2

51
Q

what are normal values of hemoglobin?

A

men 14-16 g per 100 ml blood

females 12-14 g per 100 ml blood

52
Q

where are the two sites of gas exchange in body?

A

alveolar capillary membrane in lung and tissue capillary membrane in tissue

53
Q

what happens at alveolar capillary membrane in lung?

A
  • net diffusion of 02 from alveoli > blood

- net diffusion of c02 from blood > alveoli

54
Q

what happens in tissue capillary membrane in tissues?

A
  • ND of 02 from blood > tissue

- ND diffusion of CO2 from tissue > blood

55
Q

what is partial pressure of a gas

A

pressure of gas in a gas mixture

56
Q

what is partial pressure of gas dependent on? 2

A
  • barometric pressure
  • fractional concentration of that gas

ex: seal lvl, atmospheric air gases = 760 mmHg which equals barometric press

57
Q

what is the most important factor in determining gas exchange?

A

partial pressure gradients of gases involved

58
Q

what is ambient air vs tracheal air vs alveolar air?

A

partial pressure differences
- functional residual capacity (damper) so each incoming breath air has only small effect on composition of alveolar air > partial pressure of gases in alveoli remain relatively stable

59
Q

What is partial pressure of gases in blood? (liquid)

A

henrys law

60
Q

what is henrys law and the two factors

A

amt of gas dissolved in fluid

1) pressure of gas above fluid, given by gas concentration time from barometric pressure
2) solubility coefficient of gas c02 is 20.3 times more soluble in water than 02

61
Q

what is the diffusing capacity for oxygen?

A

volume of o2 that crosses alveolar- capillary membrane per min mm mercury press b/t alveolar air and pulmonary cap blood

62
Q

what other factors can affect diffusing capacity other than partial pressure gradient?

A

1) thickness of respiratory membrane - length of diffusion path. Diffusing capacity decreased in restrictive lung diseases (pulmonary fibrosis/ pneumonia)
2) # of RBC or hemoglobin concentration in both
3) SA of respiratory membrane for diffusion - diffusing capacity is decreased in empyhsema

63
Q

why can diffusing capacity increase up to 3 times resting values during heavy aerobic exercise?

A

1) increase lung vol during exercise leads to increase SA for diffusion
2) opening up of more capillaries in lung and greater vol of blood flowing through lung

64
Q

what is the chemical combination of RBC and hemoglobin?

A

Hb + 02 –> Hb02

65
Q

What is the 02 carrying capacity of hemoglobin?

A

1 g hemoglobin becomes saturated w 02 wen it combines with 1.34 ml of 02

66
Q

If hemoglobin concentration equals 15g per 100 ml of blood …

A

02 carrying capacity would be 15.0 x 1.34 = 20.1 ml of 02 per 100 ml of blood

67
Q

what is the percent of hemoglobin wit 02?

A

relates to amt of 02 combined w hemoglobin to max 02 capacity of hemoglobin

KIN 142 LECTURE FINAL (4 decks)

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