Circulatory System Flashcards by Xav g

What is the double circulation system?

Pulmonary circulation to lungs (Right side of heart)
Systemic circulation to other parts of the body (Left side of heart)

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What is the pathway of blood in the pulmonary circulation

Inferior/Superior Vena Cava -> Right Atrium -> Tricuspid Valve -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Semilunar Valve -> Left/Right Pulmonary Artery

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What is the circulation of blood in the systemic circulation?

Pulmonary Veins -> Left Atrium -> Bicuspid Valve -> Left Ventricle -> Aortic semilunar valve -> Aorta

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What is the role of the interventricular septum?

Interventricular septum prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing

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Which is the thickest part of the heart?

Wall of the left ventricle is the thickest -> withstand the blood pressure to transport blood to rest of body
Aorta is also the thickest blood vessel

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What is the structure of the valves in the heart?

Valve Cusps pulled on by Chordae Tendineae
Chordae Tendineae controlled by Papillary Muscles

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Function of heart valves

Valves ensure one way flow of blood by preventing backflow of blood
Atrioventricular (Bicuspid and Tricuspid) in between atrium and ventricles -> backflow causes cusps of valves to close
Semilunar in between ventricles and arteries -> backflow causes cusps of valves to close

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What is atrial systole?

Atriums contract, ventricles relaxed
Atrial pressure rises above ventricular pressure
Blood moves into the ventricles

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What is ventricular systole?

Ventricles contract, atriums relaxed
AV valves close when ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure
When ventricular pressure exceeds arterial, semilunar valves open
Blood flows from the ventricles into the arteries

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What is ventricular diastole?

Atriums and ventricles relax
Ventricular pressure falls rapidly, semilunar valve closes due to backflow
When ventricular pressure drops below atrial, AV valves open once again

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What are the sounds of the heart?

Heart sounds are due to closing of valves
- First sound of AV valves is lubb
- Second sound of semilunar valves is dupp

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What are the three transport methods in capillary exchange?

Simple Diffusion
Transcytosis
Bulk Flow

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What is simple diffusion at the capillaries?

Down the concentration gradient
Small solutes
Shorter diffusion distance due to one cell thick wall

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What is transcytosis at the capillaries?

Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Hormones and proteins

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How is bulk flow brought about?

Facilitated by changes in blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure)
- Nearer to the arterial end, increased blood pressure
- Nearer to the venous end, decreased blood pressure
- Osmotic pressure is constant

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What occurs at the arterial end during bulk flow?

Hydrostatic pressure > Osmotic pressure
Ions or molecules move out of the blood (filtration)

What happens at the venous end during bulk flow?

Osmotic pressure > Hydrostatic pressure (Osmotic pressure remains the same)
Molecules move into the blood (reabsorption)

What are the three stages of blood clotting?

Vascular Spasm
Platelet Plug Formation
Blood Clotting

What occurs during vascular spasm?

Contraction of smooth muscles -> constriction of blood vessel
Reduces blood flow -> reduce blood loss

What occurs during platelet plug formation?

Platelets adhere to damaged tissue
Aggregate to form platelet plug

What occurs during blood clotting?

Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin -> active thrombin
Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen -> fibrin
Insoluble fibrin forms a meshwork to trap red blood cells

Features of Blood Types

RBCs have antigens of the blood group of the person
Blood plasma has antibodies of the antigens not present in the RBCs
Eg. Person with blood group A -> RBCs have A antigens, blood plasma has B antibodies

How does blood typing affect blood transfer/transfusion?

Antigens of transferred RBCs must NOT contact antibodies of the same group as antigens
Will cause agglutination and fatal due to kidney failure

What is the difference between granucolytes and agranucolytes?

Granucolytes have presence of granules which are chemical filled vesicles

What is the purpose of white blood cells?

- Help to protect the body through secreting enzymes to digest invading microorganism - Phagocytosise and digest invading microorganisms

What is the process of phagocytosis?

1. White blood cell engulfs the bacteria -> forms phasgosome vesicle 2. Lysosome fuses with phagosome vesicle -> forms phagolysosome 3. Hydrolyctic enzymes inside lysosome digest bacteria/particles 4. Exocytosis of the vesicle -> removes residual material

Types of agranucolytes and their features

1. Monocytes - Phagocytosise and digest bacteria/dead cells 2. Lymphocytes - Consists of B cells, T cells, Memory cells - B cells -> stimulated by bacteria to divide and from plasma cells to produce antibodies - T cells -> attacks and destroys cells

How do vaccines work?

1. Primary immune response triggered, antibodies produced by B cells 2. Antibodies released recognise antigens of the virus/disease 3. Memory cells are formed after the infection 4. Upon a second infection, secondary immune response is elicited. 5. Memory B cells quickly divide and differentiate into plasma cells; 6. Which produce many more antibodies to target the Plasmodium parasite.

What is atherosclerosis

- Plaque forms in vessel wall - Plaque -> lipid-rich core, overgrowth of smooth muscle with collagen-rich cap

What is coronary heart disease?

- Plaque within coronary artery that diminish blood flow - Myocardial ischemia -> cannot keep pace with O2 needs - Heart attack

What is coronary heart disease?

- Plaque within coronary artery that diminish blood flow - Myocardial ischemia -> cannot keep pace with O2 needs - Heart attack

What are the solutions to coronary heart disease?

- Coronary artery bypass -> Rerouting blood flow - Angioplasty -> balloon with stent inflated to widen blocked areas

What is hypertension?

- Partially high blood pressure which damages heart and blood vessels

What is sickle cell disease?

- Abnormal haemoglobin, RBCs turn into a sickle shape - Premature death of sickled cells - Causes anaemia -> shortness of breath, fatigue, etc.

What is haemophilia?

- Deficiency of clotting factors where bleeding occurs spontaneously - Deficiency of different blood clotting factors (prothrombin activatior, prothrombin, fibrinogen etc.)