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JH3 Biology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the double circulation system?

A

Pulmonary circulation to lungs (Right side of heart)
Systemic circulation to other parts of the body (Left side of heart)

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2
Q

What is the pathway of blood in the pulmonary circulation

A

Inferior/Superior Vena Cava -> Right Atrium -> Tricuspid Valve -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Semilunar Valve -> Left/Right Pulmonary Artery

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3
Q

What is the circulation of blood in the systemic circulation?

A

Pulmonary Veins -> Left Atrium -> Bicuspid Valve -> Left Ventricle -> Aortic semilunar valve -> Aorta

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4
Q

What is the role of the interventricular septum?

A

Interventricular septum prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing

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5
Q

Which is the thickest part of the heart?

A
  • Wall of the left ventricle is the thickest -> withstand the blood pressure to transport blood to rest of body
  • Aorta is also the thickest blood vessel
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6
Q

What is the structure of the valves in the heart?

A
  • Valve Cusps pulled on by Chordae Tendineae
  • Chordae Tendineae controlled by Papillary Muscles
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7
Q

Function of heart valves

A
  • Valves ensure one way flow of blood by preventing backflow of blood
  • Atrioventricular (Bicuspid and Tricuspid) in between atrium and ventricles -> backflow causes cusps of valves to close
  • Semilunar in between ventricles and arteries -> backflow causes cusps of valves to close
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8
Q

What is atrial systole?

A
  • Atriums contract, ventricles relaxed
  • Atrial pressure rises above ventricular pressure
  • Blood moves into the ventricles
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9
Q

What is ventricular systole?

A
  • Ventricles contract, atriums relaxed
  • AV valves close when ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure
  • When ventricular pressure exceeds arterial, semilunar valves open
  • Blood flows from the ventricles into the arteries
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10
Q

What is ventricular diastole?

A
  • Atriums and ventricles relax
  • Ventricular pressure falls rapidly, semilunar valve closes due to backflow
  • When ventricular pressure drops below atrial, AV valves open once again
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11
Q

What are the sounds of the heart?

A

Heart sounds are due to closing of valves
- First sound of AV valves is lubb
- Second sound of semilunar valves is dupp

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12
Q

What are the three transport methods in capillary exchange?

A
  1. Simple Diffusion
  2. Transcytosis
  3. Bulk Flow
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13
Q

What is simple diffusion at the capillaries?

A
  • Down the concentration gradient
  • Small solutes
  • Shorter diffusion distance due to one cell thick wall
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14
Q

What is transcytosis at the capillaries?

A
  • Endocytosis and Exocytosis
  • Hormones and proteins
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15
Q

How is bulk flow brought about?

A

Facilitated by changes in blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure)
- Nearer to the arterial end, increased blood pressure
- Nearer to the venous end, decreased blood pressure
- Osmotic pressure is constant

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16
Q

What occurs at the arterial end during bulk flow?

A
  • Hydrostatic pressure > Osmotic pressure
  • Ions or molecules move out of the blood (filtration)
17
Q

What happens at the venous end during bulk flow?

A
  • Osmotic pressure > Hydrostatic pressure (Osmotic pressure remains the same)
  • Molecules move into the blood (reabsorption)
18
Q

What are the three stages of blood clotting?

A
  1. Vascular Spasm
  2. Platelet Plug Formation
  3. Blood Clotting
19
Q

What occurs during vascular spasm?

A
  • Contraction of smooth muscles -> constriction of blood vessel
  • Reduces blood flow -> reduce blood loss
20
Q

What occurs during platelet plug formation?

A
  • Platelets adhere to damaged tissue
  • Aggregate to form platelet plug
21
Q

What occurs during blood clotting?

A
  • Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin -> active thrombin
  • Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen -> fibrin
  • Insoluble fibrin forms a meshwork to trap red blood cells
22
Q

Features of Blood Types

A
  • RBCs have antigens of the blood group of the person
  • Blood plasma has antibodies of the antigens not present in the RBCs
    Eg. Person with blood group A -> RBCs have A antigens, blood plasma has B antibodies
23
Q

How does blood typing affect blood transfer/transfusion?

A
  • Antigens of transferred RBCs must NOT contact antibodies of the same group as antigens
  • Will cause agglutination and fatal due to kidney failure
24
Q

What is the difference between granucolytes and agranucolytes?

A

Granucolytes have presence of granules which are chemical filled vesicles

25
Q

What is the purpose of white blood cells?

A
  • Help to protect the body through secreting enzymes to digest invading microorganism
  • Phagocytosise and digest invading microorganisms
26
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis?

A
  1. White blood cell engulfs the bacteria -> forms phasgosome vesicle
  2. Lysosome fuses with phagosome vesicle -> forms phagolysosome
  3. Hydrolyctic enzymes inside lysosome digest bacteria/particles
  4. Exocytosis of the vesicle -> removes residual material
27
Q

Types of agranucolytes and their features

A
  1. Monocytes
    - Phagocytosise and digest bacteria/dead cells
  2. Lymphocytes
    - Consists of B cells, T cells, Memory cells
    - B cells -> stimulated by bacteria to divide and from plasma cells to produce antibodies
    - T cells -> attacks and destroys cells
28
Q

How do vaccines work?

A
  1. Primary immune response triggered, antibodies produced by B cells
  2. Antibodies released recognise antigens of the virus/disease
  3. Memory cells are formed after the infection
  4. Upon a second infection, secondary immune response is elicited.
  5. Memory B cells quickly divide and differentiate into plasma cells;
  6. Which produce many more antibodies to target the Plasmodium parasite.
29
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A
  • Plaque forms in vessel wall
  • Plaque -> lipid-rich core, overgrowth of smooth muscle with collagen-rich cap
30
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A
  • Plaque within coronary artery that diminish blood flow
  • Myocardial ischemia -> cannot keep pace with O2 needs
  • Heart attack
31
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A
  • Plaque within coronary artery that diminish blood flow
  • Myocardial ischemia -> cannot keep pace with O2 needs
  • Heart attack
32
Q

What are the solutions to coronary heart disease?

A
  • Coronary artery bypass -> Rerouting blood flow
  • Angioplasty -> balloon with stent inflated to widen blocked areas
33
Q

What is hypertension?

A
  • Partially high blood pressure which damages heart and blood vessels
34
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

A
  • Abnormal haemoglobin, RBCs turn into a sickle shape
  • Premature death of sickled cells
  • Causes anaemia -> shortness of breath, fatigue, etc.
35
Q

What is haemophilia?

A
  • Deficiency of clotting factors where bleeding occurs spontaneously
  • Deficiency of different blood clotting factors (prothrombin activatior, prothrombin, fibrinogen etc.)

JH3 Biology (7 decks)

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