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JH3 Biology > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the features of fatty acids?

A
  • Hydrophobic carbon chain and hydrophilic carboxyl group
  • Saturated (only single bonds) or unsaturated (presence of C=C double bonds)
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2
Q

What are the features of triglycerides?

A
  • Three fatty acids + one glycerol
  • Ester linkages formed by condensation reaction
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3
Q

What are the features of phospholipids?

A
  • One glycerol + two fatty acid chains + phosphate group
  • Amphipathic molecule
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4
Q

What are the features of steroids?

A
  • Three six membered rings and one five membered ring
  • Component of cell membrane
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5
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A
  • Produce and long-term store of energy
  • Membrane components
  • Insulation and protection
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6
Q

Features of monosaccharides

A
  • 3,5,6 carbon ring structure
  • Galactose, Fructose and Glucose
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7
Q

Difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

A
  • Alpha -> CH2OH group and 1’ Carbon OH group are on different sides
  • Beta -> CH2OH group and 1’ Carbon OH group are on the same side
  • Makes different polymers
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8
Q

Features of disaccharides

A
  • Two monosaccharides with a glycosidic linkage joined by condensation reaction
  • Maltose -> Glucose + Glucose
  • Lactose -> Galactose + Glucose
  • Fructose -> Glucose + Sucrose
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9
Q

Adaptations of glycogen

A
  • Highly branched with many ends -> faster hydrolysis to produce glucose
  • Compact and helical -> more glucose units per unit volume
  • Large molecule -> stores many glucose units
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10
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A
  • Store and transport energy (Glycogen, Amylose, Amylopectin)
  • Structural molecules (Cellulose)
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11
Q

nuceleotide monomers

A

Made up of pentose sugar, nitrogenous base and phosphate group

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12
Q

Features of DNA monomer

A
  • Deoxyribose sugar with hydrogen atom at 2’ Carbon
  • 4 nitrogenous bases -> pyrimidines cytosine and THYMINE, purines adenine and guanine
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13
Q

Features of RNA

A
  • Ribose sugar with hydroxyl group at 2’ Carbon
  • 4 nitrogenous bases -> pyrimidines cytosine and URACIL, purines adenine and guanine
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14
Q

What are the complementary base pairings of nitrogenous bases?

A
  • Thymine/Uracil with two hydrogen bonds to Adenine
  • Cytosine with two hydrogen bonds to Guanine
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15
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines and which are purines

A
  • Single ring pyrimidines -> Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
  • Double ring purines -> Adenine, Guanine
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16
Q

Features of DNA polyneucleotides

A
  • Antiparallel (3’ end, 5’ end)
  • Double stranded helix
  • A,T,C,G bases
17
Q

Features of RNA polyneucleotide

A
  • Single stranded
  • A, U, C, G bases
18
Q

What are the links between nucleotides

A

Phosphodiester linkages, located at the 5’ and 3’ carbons with the phosphate group

19
Q

Features of primary structure

A
  • Indicates number, sequence, type of amino acids
  • Peptide bonds between amino acids
20
Q

Features of secondary structure of proteins

A
  • Alpha helix/helices
  • Beta pleated sheets
  • Localised folding of polypeptide
  • Held together by hydrogen bonds
21
Q

Features of tertiary structure of proteins

A
  • Large scale folding
  • 3 dimensional & Globular structure

Bonds (Between R Groups of amino acids)
- Ionic Bonds
- Hydrogen Bonds
- Covalent Disulfide Linkages
- Hydrophobic interactions

22
Q

Features of quartenary structure of proteins

A

More than one polypeptide chain

23
Q

How does pH affect protein denaturation?

A
  • Presence of H+ ions -> distrupts bonds in protein structure eg. hydrogen and ionic bonds
  • Protein secondary and tertiary structure denatures -> will no longer function
24
Q

How does temperature affect protein denaturation?

A
  • Increase in temp -> Increase in kinetic energy -> vibrations
  • Distrups all bonds in protein structure
  • Protein structure denatures -> will no longer function

JH3 Biology (7 decks)

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