Biomolecules Flashcards
What are the features of fatty acids?
- Hydrophobic carbon chain and hydrophilic carboxyl group
- Saturated (only single bonds) or unsaturated (presence of C=C double bonds)
What are the features of triglycerides?
- Three fatty acids + one glycerol
- Ester linkages formed by condensation reaction
What are the features of phospholipids?
- One glycerol + two fatty acid chains + phosphate group
- Amphipathic molecule
What are the features of steroids?
- Three six membered rings and one five membered ring
- Component of cell membrane
What are the functions of lipids?
- Produce and long-term store of energy
- Membrane components
- Insulation and protection
Features of monosaccharides
- 3,5,6 carbon ring structure
- Galactose, Fructose and Glucose
Difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose
- Alpha -> CH2OH group and 1’ Carbon OH group are on different sides
- Beta -> CH2OH group and 1’ Carbon OH group are on the same side
- Makes different polymers
Features of disaccharides
- Two monosaccharides with a glycosidic linkage joined by condensation reaction
- Maltose -> Glucose + Glucose
- Lactose -> Galactose + Glucose
- Fructose -> Glucose + Sucrose
Adaptations of glycogen
- Highly branched with many ends -> faster hydrolysis to produce glucose
- Compact and helical -> more glucose units per unit volume
- Large molecule -> stores many glucose units
Function of carbohydrates
- Store and transport energy (Glycogen, Amylose, Amylopectin)
- Structural molecules (Cellulose)
nuceleotide monomers
Made up of pentose sugar, nitrogenous base and phosphate group
Features of DNA monomer
- Deoxyribose sugar with hydrogen atom at 2’ Carbon
- 4 nitrogenous bases -> pyrimidines cytosine and THYMINE, purines adenine and guanine
Features of RNA
- Ribose sugar with hydroxyl group at 2’ Carbon
- 4 nitrogenous bases -> pyrimidines cytosine and URACIL, purines adenine and guanine
What are the complementary base pairings of nitrogenous bases?
- Thymine/Uracil with two hydrogen bonds to Adenine
- Cytosine with two hydrogen bonds to Guanine
Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines and which are purines
- Single ring pyrimidines -> Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
- Double ring purines -> Adenine, Guanine
Features of DNA polyneucleotides
- Antiparallel (3’ end, 5’ end)
- Double stranded helix
- A,T,C,G bases
Features of RNA polyneucleotide
- Single stranded
- A, U, C, G bases
What are the links between nucleotides
Phosphodiester linkages, located at the 5’ and 3’ carbons with the phosphate group
Features of primary structure
- Indicates number, sequence, type of amino acids
- Peptide bonds between amino acids
Features of secondary structure of proteins
- Alpha helix/helices
- Beta pleated sheets
- Localised folding of polypeptide
- Held together by hydrogen bonds
Features of tertiary structure of proteins
- Large scale folding
- 3 dimensional & Globular structure
Bonds (Between R Groups of amino acids)
- Ionic Bonds
- Hydrogen Bonds
- Covalent Disulfide Linkages
- Hydrophobic interactions
Features of quartenary structure of proteins
More than one polypeptide chain
How does pH affect protein denaturation?
- Presence of H+ ions -> distrupts bonds in protein structure eg. hydrogen and ionic bonds
- Protein secondary and tertiary structure denatures -> will no longer function
How does temperature affect protein denaturation?
- Increase in temp -> Increase in kinetic energy -> vibrations
- Distrups all bonds in protein structure
- Protein structure denatures -> will no longer function
