Circulatory system Flashcards by Gretchen Gemeinhardt

External Fibrous layer of heart membrane

Fibrous pericardium

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Layer of pericardium with two parts

Parietal and visceral layer of serous

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Space between two layers of serous

Pericardial space filled with pericardial fluid to prevent friction between heart and pericardium when heart beats

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External layer of the heart ( also known as visceral layer)

Epicardium

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Middle and thickest layer of heart; actual heart muscle

Myocardium

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Inner layer of the heart

Endocardium

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Remove waste products from myocardium

Coronary veins

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Disruption of blood flow

Coronary occlusion

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Deficiency of blood supply to an area

Ischemia

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Tissue death

Necrosis

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Section of tissue death caused by interrupted blood supply

Infarction

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Craniodorsal chambers of heart where all vessels to heart enter

Atria

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Separating wall of right and left artia

Interartial septum

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Separating wall of right and left ventricles

Interventricular septum

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Narrow tip of heart

Apex

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Opening between right atrium and right ventricle

Tricuspid valve

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Valve located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery that controls blood entering lungs

Pulmonary semilunar valve

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Valve controls opening of left atrium and left ventricle

Left atrioventricular valve or mitral valve or bicuspid

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Valve located between left ventricle and aorta controlling blood entering arterial system

Aortic semilunar valve

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Controls conduction system

Sinotrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of HIS and Purkinje fibers

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Called pacemaker of heart

Sinoatrial node (SA) and Purkinje fibers

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Located in inter ventricle septum causing ventricular contraction

Bundle of His

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Ventricular contraction that forces blood into aorta and pulmonary arteries

Ventricular systole

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Normal heart rhythm

Sinus rhythm

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Abnormal rhythm

Dysrhythmia or arrhythmia

Denote relaxation when atria fill with blood

Diastole

Test to visualize electrical wave movements

Electrocardiogram EKG ECG

Heartbeat sensations that feel like pounding with or without irregularity

Palpitation

Rapid, random and ineffective heart contractions

Fibrillation

Cardiac rhythm in which atrial contractions are rapid but regular

Flutter

Abnormally slow heartbeat

Bradycardia

Abnormally rapid heartbeat

Tachycardia

Sudden convulsion or spasm

Paroxysm

Irregular heart beat resulting from variation in vagaries nerve tone as a result of respiration

Normal sinus arrhythmia

Without contraction or lack of heart activity

Asystole

Temporary suspension of respiration and circulation

Syncope

Low frequency vibrations occurring during early diastole and late diastole

Gallop

Plume of blood entering right side of heart

Preload

Impedance to ventricular emptying presented by aortic pressure after load

Afterload

Process of recording electrical of myocardium

Electrocardiography

Act of listening to body sounds usually with stethoscope

Auscultation

Abnormal sound associated with blood flow

Heart murmur

Abnormal sound occurring during entire ventricular contraction

Holosystolic or pansystolic

Murmurs heard during during systole

Atrioventricular insufficiency or aortic or pulmonic valve stenosis

Murmurs heard during diastole

Atriventcular stenosis or aortic or pulmonary valve insufficiency

Vibration heard on palpation

Thrill

Opening in vessel through which fluid flows

Lumen

Things that narrow or widen vessel diameter

Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators

Main trunk of arterial system that begins from left ventricle of heart

Aorta

Branches of aorta named for area which they supply blood

Celiac artery liver, stomach and spleen Renal artery kidney Ovarian or testicular

Smaller branches of arteries that carry blood to capillaries

Arterioles

Blood flow through tissue

Perfusion

Capillaries connect to blood vessels that carry blood to heart

Venues

Single vein that drains chest wall

Azygous vein

Tension exerted by blood on arterial walks

Blood pressure

Resistance to flow of blood

Viscosity

Measures blood pressure

Sphygmomanometer

Occurs when ventricles contract and is highest toward end of stroke output of left ventricle

Systolic pressure

Occurs when ventricles relax and is lowest late in ventricular dilation

Diastolic pressure

High blood pressure

Hypertension

Low blood pressure

Hypotension

Drugs used to lower blood pressure

Antihypertensives

Study of blood vessels and heart using contrast

Angiocardiography

Study of blood vessels following injection of Radiographic material

Angiography

Constricting band applied to control bleeding or assist with drawing blood

Tourniquet

Localized ballonlike enlargement of artery

Aneurysm

Disease of vessels

Angiopathy

Inability of the aortic valve to perform at proper levels

Aortic insufficiency

Hardening and narrowing of arteries

Atherostenosis

Opening of wall diving right and left atria that may allow blood to flow from high pressure right atrium to low pressure left atrium

Atrial septal defect

Compression of heart due to fluid or blood collection in pericardial sac

Cardiac tamponade

Heart enlargement

Cardiomegaly

Disease of heart muscle

Cardiomyopathy

Excessive growth of left ventricle

Hypertrophic

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Congestive

Inflammation of heart

Carditis

Fluid accumulation between layers of membrane encasing the lungs

Pleural effusion

Alterations in structure or function of right ventricle caused by pulmonary hypertension

Cor pulmonale

Heart worm infection

Dirofilarosis

Used to treat heart worm

Adulticide and microfilcide

Foreign object circulating in blood

Embolus

Inflammation of endocardium and sometimes heart valves

Endocarditis

Benign tumor of new blood vessels

Hemangioma

Above normal levels of carbon dioxide

Hypercapnia

Below normal levels of oxygen

Hypoxia

Narrowing of mitral valve

Mitral stenosis

Abnormal protrusion of left atrioventricular valve that results in incomplete closure

Mitral valve prolapse

Persistence of fetal communication between left pulmonary artery and aorta that should close shortly after birth

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Inflammation of pericardium

Pericarditis

Narrowing of opening and vulvar area between pulmonary artery and right ventricle

Pulmonic stenosis

Backflow of blood caused by imperfect closure of valves

Regurgitation

Inadequate tissue profusion

Shock

Congenital cyanoruc cardiac condition that has four anatomical defects to the heart — pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta and right ventricular hypertrophy

Tetralogy of Fallot

Blocking of vessel by part of broken clot

Thromboembolism

Blood clot attached to interior wall of vein or artery

Thrombus

Substances that prevent blood clotting

Anticoagulants

Opening in the wall diving right and left ventricles

Ventricular septal defect

Bypass or divert

Shunt

Surgical repair of old or lymph vessels

Angioplasty

Procedure done through opening in vessel

Transluminal

Procedure done through opening in skin

Percutaneous

Suture of a vessel

Angiorrhaphy

Surgical removal of blood vessel carrying blood away from heart

Arteriectomy

Incision of blood vessel that carries blood away from heart

Ateriotomy

Tension exerted by blood in cranial vena cava

Central venous pressure (CVP)

Use of electrical shock to restore normal heart rhythm

Defibrillation

Small expander of blood vessel to prevent collapsing

Stent

Surgical incision into valve or membranous flap

Valvotomy