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Biology 2 > Circulatory, respiratory, lymphatic (kind of) > Flashcards

Circulatory, respiratory, lymphatic (kind of) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body, and removes wastes from tissues.

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2
Q

Describe heart structure

A
  • hollow
  • size of a fist
  • composed almost entirely of myocardium muscle
  • epithelial and connective tissue
  • 4 chambers
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3
Q

What is the main muscle that the heart is composed of?

A

Myocardium muscle

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4
Q

What are the two layers of tissue in the heart? What do they lay around?

A

Epithelial and connective tissue; they lay around the myocardium muscle

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5
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4

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6
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

2 atriums and 2 ventricles

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7
Q

What are the 2 bottom chambers of the heart called

A

ventricles

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8
Q

What are the 2 top chambers of the heart called

A

atriums

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9
Q

What separates the left and right sides of the heart?

A

a wall called the septum separates the right side of the heart from the left side

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10
Q

Where are the valves in the heart located and what do they do?

A

Valves are located between the atria and the ventricles; valves open when the blood moves through; valves close when the ventricle contracts, preventing the blood from going backwards

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11
Q

T or F: Heart needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients

A

True

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12
Q

What supplies blood and oxygen to the heart?

A

Coronary arteries

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13
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs thru pulmonary ciruclation. Oxygen rich blood flows back to the heart after oxygenation.

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14
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

The left side of the heart pumps oxygen rich blood to the rest of the body thru systemic ciruclation.

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15
Q

What side of the heart is bigger?

A

left side; stronger!

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16
Q

What 2 networks of fibers coordinate a heartbeat?

A
  1. Atria contractions
  2. Ventricle contractions
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17
Q

Describe atria contractions (heartbeat step 1)

A

Each contraction begins when sinoatrial node (a group of muscle fibers - right atrium) contracts. The node sets the pace for the heart. When it does so, an electrical impulse spreads through the entire network of muscle fibers in the atria and the atria contract.

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18
Q

What is the pacemaker? Where is it located?

A

Pacemaker is the same thing as sinoatrial node. Located in the right atrium of the heart. It is a group of cardiac muscles fibers that contracts as part of the heart beat.

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19
Q

Describe ventricle contractions (heartbeat step 2)

A

The impulse from the node is then picked up by a group of muscle fibers called the atrioventicular node. The atrioventicular node produces impulses that spread through the ventricles and causes them to contract. This pumps blood out of the heart

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20
Q

T or F: Heart rate varies depending on your boyd’s need to take in oxygen and release O2

A

True

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21
Q

What are arteries?

A

Large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.

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22
Q

What do arteries carry?

A

Oxygen rich blood to the body

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23
Q

Describe arteries (their walls and stuff)

A

have thick elastic walls that help withstand the powerful pressure produced when the heart contracts and pumps blood through them.

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24
Q

What is artery wall made out of (tissue)?

A

Epithelial tissue, smooth muscle, connective tissue

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25
Q

Describe capillaries (3 pts)

A
  1. The smallest blood vessels
  2. Most are narrow; blood cells pass thru in single file
  3. Their extremely thin walls allow oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from blood into tissues, and CO2 and other waste produces to move from tissues into blood.
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26
Q

Describe veins

A
  1. After blood passes through the capillaries, it returns to the heart through veins.
  2. Flow against gravity - veins are located between skeletal muscles, so that when muscles squeeze the veins push blood toward the heart
  3. Contain valves that prevent blood from going backward and keep it going in one direction
  4. Really small, blood usually goes through in single file
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27
Q

What is blood pressure basically?

A

blood pressuring the arteries as it goes through

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28
Q

How does body regulate blood pressure?

A

With sensory receptors, and the kidneys also help by regulating the volume of blood and eliminate urine when blood pressure is high

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29
Q

How much of plasma is water?

A

90%

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30
Q

What is plasma?

A

liquid part of blood

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31
Q

What does the water in plasma help with?

A

It helps control body termperature

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32
Q

What are the 3 types of plasma proteins?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulin
  3. Fibrinogen
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33
Q

What does albulin do?

A

Helps transport substances; helps regulate osmotic pressure and blood volume

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34
Q

What does globulin do?

A

Helps transport substances; some globulin fights viral and bacterial infections

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35
Q

What is finibrogen necessary for?

A

blood clot

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36
Q

Which are more numerous in healthy blood: red or white blood cells?

A

Red

37
Q

What is the main function of red blood cells?

A

to transport oxygen

38
Q

Where do red blood cells get their color

A

from hemoglobin

39
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

A protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in capillary networks throughout the body

40
Q

Where are red blood cells produced?

A

red bone marrow

41
Q

What happens to red blood cells after around 4 months

A

As red blood cells mature and fill with hemoglobin, their nuclei and other organelles are forced out. They are then destroyed in the liver and spleen

42
Q

What is another name for white blood cells

A

leukocytes

43
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria

44
Q

T or F: When there are foreign invaders, the # of white blood cells stays the same

A

False; it can change

45
Q

What are the different types of white blood cells? What do they do?

A
  1. Macrophages - engulf pathogens (pacman)
  2. Lymphocytes - involved in immune response
  3. B Lymphocytes - produce anti-bodies that fight infection and provide immunity
  4. T Lymphocytes - help fight tumors and viruses
46
Q

What are platelets?

A

Cell fragments

47
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Platelets initiate the process of blood clotting.

48
Q

Describe the process of blood clot

A

When platelets come in contact with the edges of a broken blood vessel, the surface becomes sticky, and they cluster around the wound. Platelets release proteins called clotting factors that start a series of reactions.

49
Q

Define lymphatic system

A

Network of vessels, nodes, and organs that collects the lymph that leaves the capillaries, ‘screens’ for microorganisms, then returns back to circulatory system

50
Q

What is the lymphatic system’s role in nutrient absorption?

A

The lymphatic system runs along intestine; the vessels pick up fats and ta soluble vitamins from the digestive tract and transport the nutrients to the blood stream

51
Q

Describe lymph nodes

A

Scattered across the lymph vessels throughout the body; act as filters, trapping microorganisms, stray cancer cells, and debris as lymph flows through them

52
Q

What happens in the thymus

A

T-cells mature there

53
Q

What happens in the spleen

A

Blood flows through the spleen and its cleansed of microorganisms and debris

54
Q

What can cause heart disease

A

Lack of good blood supply for the heart due to blood vessels being obstructed (this is called atherosclerosis)

55
Q

What causes high blood pressure? What is another name for it?

A

Caused when heart struggles to push blood through vessels; also called hypertension

56
Q

What is cholesterol

A

lipid that’s part of animal cell membranes. Used in synthesis of hormones, bile and vitamin D

57
Q

How is cholesterol transported in the blood

A

LDL and HDL - both lipoporteins

58
Q

Describe LDL and HDL

A

LDL: low-density lipoprotein; cholesterol carrier that is most likely to cause trouble in the circulatory system
HDL: called good cholesterol; generally transports excess cholesterol from tissues and arteries to the liver for removal from the body

59
Q

Where is cholesterol made

A

liver; but it can also be consumed from foods

60
Q

What happens with cholesterol (LDL receptors specifically) in a normal cell?

A

LDL binds to receptors on liver cells; taken in. Cholesterol is broken down inside or stored.

61
Q

What happens with cholesterol (LDL receptors specifically) in a defective cell?

A

With defective receptors, LDL is not taken in. Builds up in the blood. More is made by liver and released into the blood

62
Q

Describe the function of the respiratory system

A

Picks up oxygen from the inhaled air and releases CO2 into the air we exhale

63
Q

Describe the nose part of the respiratory system

A
  • to keep lungs healthy air is filtered, moistened, and warmed.
  • hair lining traps large particles
  • nasal cavity and sinuses warm the air and produce mucus so that even more dust can be caught
64
Q

Describe the pharynx part of respiratory system

A

Air moves through the nose to a cavity at the back of the mouth called the pharynx. Pharynx serves as a passageway for both air and food.

65
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

AKA throat; a cavity at the back of the mouth

66
Q

What is the trachea?

A

AKA windpipe; tube

67
Q

Describe trachea part respiratory system

A

Air moves from pharynx to trachea; mucus produced here continues to trap inhaled particles. Cilia lining sweeps mucus and dust particles toward the pharynx where they can be either swallowed or spit out

68
Q

Where does the air move into from the trachea?

A

bronchi

69
Q

what are bronchi?

A

2 large tubes in the chest cavity

70
Q

What does each bronchi lead to

A

1 lung

71
Q

What are bronchi

A

Within each lung, the large bronchus divides into smaller bronchi, which lead to even smaller passageways called bronchioles.

72
Q

What are the smooth muscles in the respiratory system controlled by

A

autonomic nervous system

73
Q

What are alveoli?

A

bronchioles continue to divide until they reach a series of dead ends called alveoli - tiny air sacks where chemical stuff happens

74
Q

Describe order of division starting with trachea

A

Trachea -> 2 tubes called bronchi -> bronchioles -> even MORE bronchioles (cuz they branch out remember) -> alveoli

75
Q

What network surrounds each alveoli?

A

A network of capillaries

76
Q

Describe how oxygen is exchanged in respiratory process

A

Oxygen and Co2 is exchanged across the walls of alveoli and capillaries. When air enteres the alveoli, oxygen dissolves in the moisture on their inner surface and then diffuses across the capillary walls into the blood (picked up by hemoglobin)`

77
Q

Why does oxygen diffuse in that specific direction

A

Because of the oxygen concentration is greater in the air of the alveoli than it is in the blood within the capillaries

78
Q

Describe oxygen transport

A

Hemoglobin binds with oxygen and transports it.

79
Q

How does hemoglobin help diffusion of oxygen to continue?

A

Although diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to capillary is passive, and stop when oxygen concentration within the blood and alveoli is equal, both hemoglobin actively binds to dissolved oxygen, removing it from plasma and enabling diffusion from the alveoli to continue

80
Q

Describe the different ways in which CO2 may be transported in the blood

A
  1. Most Co2 diffuses from body tissues to capillaries, and enters red blood cells and combines with water to form carbonic acid
  2. Rest of it dissolves in plasma
  3. or bings to hemoglobin and proteins in plasma
81
Q

Describe how breathing happens (muscles)

A

Movements of the diaphragm and rib cage change air pressure in the chest cavity during exhalation and inhalation.

82
Q

Describe inhalation process

A

Lungs are sealed in two sacs, called plural membranes, inside the chest cavity. At the bottom of the chest cavity is the diaphragm

83
Q

T or F: exhalation is usually passive

A

true

83
Q

What initiates breathing

A

a system called medulla oblongata

84
Q

What are some substances that can damage lungs?

A

nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide

85
Q

What is the shape of a blood cell

A

a binocave disk without a nucleus;

86
Q

what are the 4 main components of blood

A
  1. plasma
  2. platelets
  3. red blood cells
  4. white blood cells
87
Q

How come gases move down into the lungs?

A

They are hydrophobic, and just follow the concentration gradient

88
Q

What is the trachea and larynx reinforced with?

A

cartilage

Biology 2 (10 decks)

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