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Biology 2 > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen.

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2
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

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3
Q

What are the reactants of the cellular respiration equation?

A

Oxygen and glucose

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4
Q

What are the products of the cellular respiration equation?

A

Carbon dioxide, water, and energy (in the form of ATP!)

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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cellular respiration requires oxygen (overall)

A

True

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6
Q

What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration? What do these stages do collectively?

A

The stages are:
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. ETC
Together, these stages capture the energy from food

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7
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis

A

Glucose the enters the chemical pathway of glycolysis, where glucose is broken down and converted into pyruvic acid.

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8
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic (not requiring oxygen) or aerobic (requiring oxygen)?

A

It can work in both conditions

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9
Q

Is ATP used in the glycolysis stage? If so, how much?

A

Yes; 2 ATPs are used

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10
Q

What is the net gain of glycolysis?

A

2 ATPs, 2 pyruvates, and 2 NADH

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11
Q

What is produced in glycolysis, besides pyruvates and ATP?

A

NADH

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12
Q

What is NADH?

A

A coenzyme that has the ability to transfer electrons

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13
Q

What stage is oxygen required? Why?

A

It is required in the ETC; it is the final acceptor of the electrons

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14
Q

When does the bulk of energy get extracted (what stage)?

A

In the ETC

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15
Q

What are aerobic pathways?

A

Pathways of cellular respiration that require oxygen

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16
Q

Which phases of the cycle are aerobic?

A

Krebs cycle and ETC

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17
Q

Why is the Krebs cycle considered aerobic?

A

Its considered aerobic because even though it doesn’t directly require oxygen, its aerobic because it can’t run without the ETC, which requires oxygen)

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18
Q

What is an anaerobic pathway?

A

A pathway of cellular respiration that doesn’t require air

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19
Q

Why is glycolysis anaerobic?

A

Because it doesn’t directly or indirectly need oxygen

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20
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Structure in the cell that converts chemical energy stored in food to usable energy for the cell)

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21
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

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22
Q

Where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

mitochondria

23
Q

Where does the ETC take place?

A

mitochondria

24
Q

What two phases of cellular respiration occur in the same location?

A

Krebs cycle and the ETC :)

25
Q

What does fermentation do?

A

It makes it possible for a cell to keep glycolysis running, generating ATP to power cellular activity

26
Q

Is fermentation anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Its anaerobic

27
Q

What are some differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A
  1. While photosynthesis is a process that “deposits” energy, cellular respiration “withdraws” that energy
  2. Reverse equations
  3. Photosynthesis removes CO2 from the atmosphere, while cellular respiration puts it back into the air
  4. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, while cellular resp uses the oxygen
  5. Photosynthesis only occurs in plants, while cellular resp occurs in all cell life forms
28
Q

Define glycolysis

A

The breaking of glucose (‘sugar-breaking’); involves many chemical steps that transform glucose

29
Q

Describe the process of NADH production during glycolysis.

A

One of the reactions in glycolysis removes 4 electrons (now in a high-energy state) and passes them to an electron carrier called NAD+. NAD+ accepts a pair of high-energy electrons. NADH then holds the electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules

30
Q

What are the 2 advantages of glycolysis? List and describe.

A
  1. Speed - glycolysis can produce tons of ATP in miliseconds
  2. Doesn’t require oxygen - glycolysis can thus quickly supply chemical energy to cells when oxygen isn’t available
31
Q

When oxygen is available for glycolysis, then pyruvic acid and NADH _________ generated become the _________ for other processes of the cellular respiration cycle.

A

outputs; inputs

32
Q

Describe the krebs cycle

A

The second stage of cellular respiration; pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis passes through the 2 membranes of the mitochondria into the matrix

33
Q

What happens in the in between step of cellular respiration (between glycolysis and the krebs cycle)?

A

pyruvate gets converted into acetyl-coa

34
Q

What is the matrix? What occurs there?

A

The matrix is the innermost compartment of the mitochondria and the site of the krebs cycle

35
Q

Describe what happens in the krebs cycle

A

As this part of the cycle begins, acetyl-CoA produces citric acid.Citric acid is then broken down and electrons from it are transferred to energy carriers.

36
Q

where in the mitochondria is the ETC located?

A

in the innermitochondrial membrane

37
Q

Briefly describe ETC

A

The ETC uses high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP

38
Q

Describe the events of the ETC

A

NADH and FADH2 passe their high-energy electrons to the ETC. In eukaryotes, the ETC is composed of a series of electron carriers located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. High energy electrons are passed from one carrier to the next. At the end of the ETC is an enzyme that combines these electrons with hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water. Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor of the ETC.

39
Q

What is the energy from high-energy electrons used for when they pass through the ETC

A

It’s used to transport hydrogen ions across the membrane

40
Q

How is ATP made in cellular respiration?

A

During ETC, H+ ions build up in the intermembrane space, making it positively charged relative to the matrix. When the electrons pass through the ATP synthase, that potential energy helps the ATP synthase make ATP.

41
Q

Approximately how many molecules of ATP can be made from one molecule of glucose?

A

36

42
Q

Where are the majority of ATPs made?

A

in the ETC

43
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A

Alocohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

44
Q

Is fermentation aerobic or not? Describe how this affects cellular respiration.

A

Fermentation is anaerobic (no oxygen); when there is no oxygen, there will be a cycling between glycolysis and fermentation

45
Q

What is the purpose of fermentation?

A

To allow glycolysis to continue (fermentation converts NADH back into NAD+ so that it can be used again);

46
Q

Describe alchoholic fermentation

A

Yeast and a few other microorganisms use this, which produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes. When yeast in dough runs out of oxygen, it begins to ferment, giving off bubbles of carbon dioxide that form the air spaces you see in a slice of bread. The small amount of alcohol produced burns off when the bread is baked.

47
Q

Describe lactic acid fermentation

A

Lactic acid is produced in animal muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues. The pyruvic acid
produced during glycolysis is converted to lactic acid, which regenerates NAD + just as
alcoholic fermentation does.

48
Q

What goes into glycolysis?

A

2 ATP and glucose

49
Q

What comes out of glycolysis?

A

4 ATP (2 substitute the ones that entered) and 2 pyruvates, 2 NADH

50
Q

What goes into the krebs cycle?

A

acetyl-CoA

51
Q

What comes out of the krebs cycle?

A

3 NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2, and CO2

52
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The process of ATP creation through ATP synthase

53
Q

What is FADH2?

A

A coenzyme that assists in transporting electrons to make more ADP

54
Q

What happens during the pyruate dehydration complex?

A

The PDC occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. At the end ofglycolysis, pyruvate is changed to AcetylCo-A, themolecule that is able to enter the Krebs cycle. The extra C (carbon from this) is given off as carbon dioxide. NAD + is reduced to NADH.

Biology 2 (10 decks)

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