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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Circulatory & Lymphatic Systems > Flashcards

Circulatory & Lymphatic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

the vascular system must be _______ to adjust to varying needs of tissues in the body and maintain appropriate BP and blood flow. this is achieved by vessels being able to _______ & _______

A

dynamic

• Constrict and relax

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2
Q

what is the function of the vascular system?

A

to deliver materials and remove waste products to tissues

-perfusion of tissues & organs

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3
Q

what components make up the blood vesssels?

A
  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
  • Veins
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4
Q

the ____ ____ is the inner lining of arteries &

veins composed of endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) which is continuous with the endothelium of the heart

A

tunica intima

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5
Q

the tunica media is the middle layer of arteries & veins which is made of elastic tissue & _____ _____

A

smooth muscle

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6
Q

_____ has a thinner layer of smooth muscle compared to arteries

A

veins

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7
Q

the ____ ______ is the outer layer of blood vessels made of connective tissue

A

Tunica externa/adventitia

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8
Q

the tunica externa/adventitia is infiltrated with ____ fibers, _____ vessels, & ______

A
  • nerve
  • lymphatic
  • vaso-vasorum
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9
Q

Depolarization of smooth muscle via fast sodium channels depends largely on extracellular _____

A

calcium

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10
Q

the smooth muscle contractions in the vasculature of blood vessels are ____ & _____, requiring ___ energy

A
  • slow
  • sustained
  • low
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11
Q

what are the actions of smooth muscle involved the body’s vasculature?

A
  • Few fast sodium channels

* SNS activation or inhibition

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12
Q

________ receptors are excitatory which result in SNS activation, causing sodium channels to open → vasoconstriction

A

α-adrenergic

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13
Q

what type of receptors are inhibitory in the sympathetic nervous system, causing sodium channels to close → vasodilation?

A

beta-adrenergic

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14
Q

the arterioles are predominantly _____ ______ which are responsible for regulating flow into capillaries & ___ _______

A

smooth muscle

-SNS innervation

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15
Q

the large & medium sized arteries in the arterial system are elastic aka ____ & muscular aka _____

A
  • conducting

- distributing

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16
Q

capillary exchange involves____, _____, & ____ between blood & cells that occurs at the capillary bed

A

nutrients
gases
wastes

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17
Q

what are the 3 types of capillary membranes?

A

● Continuous
● Fenestrated
● Sinusoidal

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18
Q

what structures make up the capillary bed/plexus?

A

● Precapillary sphincters
● Metarterioles
● Thoroughfare channel

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19
Q

____ are not present in thoracic or abdominal veins

A

valves

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20
Q

what is the structural makeup & functions of the venous system? what innervates them?

A

Structure: Thin-walled, distensible, and collapsible
– Valves prevent backward-blood flow
Functions: contract or expand to handle variable
amount of blood
Innervation: sympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

what are the parts that make up the venous system?

A

venules

veins

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22
Q

what are the types of venous sinuses?

A

– Dural
– Coronary
– Hepatic

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23
Q

how does blood circulate in arteries?

A

– Pressure within the arteries

– Contraction of smooth muscle in tunica media

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24
Q

how does blood circulate in veins?

A

– Respiratory (pressure changes)
-skeletal (muscle contraction) pumps
– Valves: one way blood flow

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25
Q

where do veins drain into?

A

superior or inferior vena cava

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26
Q

____ are capable of enlarging and storing large

quantities of blood

A

veins

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27
Q

what is blood flow determined by?

A
  • BP

- resistance

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28
Q

what factors contribute to resistance of blood flow in hemodynamics?

A
  • Blood viscosity
  • Total blood vessel length
  • Blood vessel diameter
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29
Q

what generates blood flow and what does it flow along?

A
  • pumping action of the heart

- pressure gradient

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30
Q

____ results when blood flow is opposed by resistance

A

pressure

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31
Q

____ ______ reflects how much blood vessels can stretch, volume & viscosity of blood in vessels

A

arterial blood pressure

32
Q

what factors contribute to the humoral control of vascular function?

A 
● Norepinephrine & epinephrine
● Angiotensin II 
● Histamine 
● Serotonin 
● Bradykinin 
● Prostaglandins
33
Q

what is autoregulation in regards to vascular function?

A

automatic adjustment of blood flow
to each tissue in proportion to the tissue’s
requirements at any given time

34
Q

what factors are responsible for local control of organs in regulating blood flow by varying resistance in their arterioles?

A

● Nitrous oxide
● Angiotensin II
● Collateral circulation

35
Q

how does the lymphatic system help balance fluid levels?

A

by transporting excess fluid out of interstitial spaces

and returning it to bloodstream

36
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system & what precursor cells are involved? where do these cells develop?

A

Lymphocyte:
> Production (lymphopoiesis)
> maintenance
> distribution

Development in the bone marrow:

  • Precursor B lymphocytes -> B cells
  • Precursor T lymphocytes -> T cells
37
Q

where do T cells mature & what is their primary function?

A

thymus gland
-differentiate into helper and cytotoxic T cells
&raquo_space;> proliferation in lymph nodes

38
Q

where do B cells mature & what is their primary function?

A

bone marrow

  • differentiate into plasma cells
  • move into lymph nodes -> proliferate and produce antibodies
39
Q

aside from lymphocytes, what other cells are involved in the lymphatic system?

A
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • reticular cells
40
Q

how do cells in the lymphatic system defend against infection & disease?

A

– Invading bacteria, viruses
– Recognizes & attacks specific foreign
molecules (i.e. toxins released by bacteria)
– Defends against abnormal cells

41
Q

what structures make up the network of lymphatic vessels?

A
  • Capillaries
  • Collecting vessels
  • Trunks
  • Ducts
42
Q

what are the main components of the lymphatic system?

A

> Lymph
Network of lymphatic vessels
Lymphoid tissues/organs
Lymphocytes & phagocytes

43
Q

interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic system is considered ___.

A

lymph

44
Q

what is lymph made of?

A

water and dissolved substances from blood

45
Q

what dissolved substances are contained in lymph?

A 
> Gases
> hormones
> nutrients 
> proteins
> pathogens
> tumor cells
46
Q

____ pressure from cardiovascular capillaries & _____ pressure in lymph capillaries forms the dissolved substances from blood in lymph

A
  • hydrostatic

- osmotic

47
Q

what happens to the openings of lymphatic capillaries in the presence of inflammation?

A

openings get bigger

48
Q

lymphatic capillaries are made of a ____ layer of squamous epithelium which merge to form _____ vessels

A

single

-larger

49
Q

how are lymphatic capillaries distributed throughout the body? what parts of the body do they not involve?

A

connective tissue
> CNS
> bone
> teeth

50
Q

______ is a specialized type of lymphatic capillaries

A

lacteals

51
Q

lymphatic vessels, also known as ______ vessels, is where lymph capillaries feed into & where the smooth muscle layer and valves start to be seen

A

collecting

52
Q

how are lymphatic collecting vessels formed and what are they made of? what do they feed into?

A

multiple lymphatic capillaries feeding into larger vessels

  • thin layer of smooth vessels
  • contain valves

> lymph nodes

53
Q

the lymphatic trunks consist of ____ paired lymphatic vessel branches that are named according to their anatomical location

A

four

54
Q

what are the major trunks involved where lymphatic vessels converge?

A
  • Lumbar
  • Bronchomediastinal
  • Subclavian
  • Jugular
  • Intestinal
55
Q

where are the jugular lymphatic trunks located?

A

Cervical nodes in neck

56
Q

where are the subclavian lymphatic trunks located?

A

Apical lymph nodes in axilla in the upper extremities

57
Q

where are the bronchomediatinal lymphatic trunks located?

A 
Heart
lungs
trachea
mediastinum
mammary glands
58
Q

where are the lumbar lymphatic trunks located?

A

legs
pelvic region
kidneys

59
Q

what are the major ducts involved in the lymphatic system?

A

> thoracic duct

> right lymphatic duct

60
Q

where is the thoracic duct located and where does it collect lymph from?

A

Left side of body superior to diaphragm

Lymph collected from:
• Both sides of body inferior to diaphragm
– Cisterna chyli

61
Q

where does the right lymphatic duct collect lymph from?

A

right side of body superior to diaphragm

62
Q

where does the right lymphatic & thoracic ducts empty into?

A

venous circulation at or near junction of internal jugular vein and subclavian vein on that side of the body

63
Q

what pressure is lymph constantly under & how is lymph moved throughout the lymphatic system?

A

low hydrostatic pressure
– Muscle contraction (skeletal or smooth)
– Pressure changes in abd. and chest from breathing

64
Q

what increases lymph flow?

A

Increased passive movements and physical activity

65
Q

what occurs when lymph flow is interrupted?

A

lymphedema

66
Q

what organs are considered lymphoid organs & what organ is an exception to being made up of lymphoid tissue?

A 
> lymph nodes
> spleen
> tonsils
> lymphoid nodules in small intestine
> appendix

exception: thymus

67
Q

what is the function of lymphoid organs?

A

designed to gather & destroy infectious microorganisms

68
Q

lymphoid tissues are where ______ are able to conduct surveillance

A

macrophages

69
Q

what are lymphoid tissues made of?

A

loose, reticular connective tissue network of intertwined fibers
– Containing macrophages and lymphocytes

70
Q

what is Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)?

A

lymphoid tissue located in mucus membranes of digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts

71
Q

where are lymphoid tissues located in the pharynx?

A

tonsils

72
Q

what specific organ structure in the digestive tract is made of lymphoid tissue which specifically helps destroy bacterial pathogens when they enter the digestive tract?

A

Peyer’s patches?

73
Q

where in the digestive tract are Peyer’s patches located?

A

small intestine (entrance of digestive tract)

74
Q

what are lymph nodes made of?

A
  • Surrounded by fibrous capsule
  • Extensions of fibrous strands into interior node separate node into compartments
  • Sinus opening w/ in compartments
75
Q

what are intertwined w/ in the lymph capillaries and what is their function?

A

macrophages

> to phagocytize pathogens

76
Q

what structures are involved in lymph nodes?

A
  • Afferent vessels
  • Efferent vessels
  • Cortex
  • Medulla
77
Q

what is the function of lymph nodes?

A
  • Filter potentially harmful substances & monitor body fluids
  • Contain lymphocytes & macrophages that fight invading organisms

Human Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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