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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Cardiac Output/SV/Valves > Flashcards

Cardiac Output/SV/Valves Flashcards

1
Q

at what part of the cardiac cycle is the heart filling & contracting?

A

preload

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2
Q

what valves are open during preload? what valves are closed?

A

open: AV valves
- mitral
- tricuspid

closed: semilunar valves
- aortic
- pulmonic

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3
Q

at what part of the cardiac cycle are the ventricles relaxed & the atria contracted? which valves are involved with the force of blood flow during this part of the cardiac cycle?

A

diastole

> Blood is forced through open mitral & tricuspid valves

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4
Q

during systole, the ___ are relaxed as they fill with blood. the ___ & ___ valves are closed as ventricular pressure rises

A

atria

  • mitral
  • tricuspid
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5
Q

after ventricular pressure rises, the ___ & ____ valves open and the ventricles contract, allowing blood to flow through the circulatory system

A

aortic

pulmonic

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6
Q

S1 is the sound of the _____ valves closing.

A

AV valves: mitral & tricuspid

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7
Q

blood pressure _____ when ventricles start to contract

A

rises

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8
Q

cardiac output is the amount of ____ ____ ___in each ____ over 1 minute

A

blood pumped out

-ventricle

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9
Q

the normal cardiac output in healthy people = ___ L/min

A

4 - 8

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10
Q

cardiac output depends on ___ & ____

A 
Heart rate (HR)
Stroke volume (SV)
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11
Q

____ is what the heart can do above baseline

A

cardiac reserve

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12
Q

in runners, their ____ is higher, allowing their heart to beat more effectively

A

cardiac reserve

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13
Q

____ is the blood pumped out by a ____ with each beat

A

stroke volume

ventricle

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14
Q

these factors affect stroke volume

A
  • preload
  • afterload
  • contractility
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15
Q

contractility is the ability of muscle cells to contract after _____

A

depolarization

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16
Q

during ____, there is stretching of the muscle fibers in the _____ at the end of diastole

A

preload

-left ventricle

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17
Q

EF < 40% is indicative of ___

A

systolic CHF

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18
Q

if there is increased preload, the ____ ___ heart muscle will have better contractility (in a healthy pt), and there will more blood pumped into the _____

A

greater the

-aorta

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19
Q

afterload is the amount of pressure in the LV that the heart must work against to pump blood to ___

A

the circulatory system

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20
Q

patients w/ prolonged immobilization have poor venous return to the heart. this is influenced by ____ ______

A

venous pressure

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21
Q

end diastolic volume (EDV) is the amount of blood in ___ during the end of diastole, also known as ___

A

ventricle

-preload

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22
Q

end systolic volume is the amount of blood left in the ventricle _____ _____

A

after contraction

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23
Q

____ increases afterload, increasing ESV, which increases the force of contraction

A

hypertension

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24
Q

in patients with SVT, there is ___ ____ time, resulting in HR up to 150 bpm, thereby decreasing EDV and lowering _____ ____

A

less diastolic

-stroke volume

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25
Q

a runner with a resting HR of 60 bpm likely has ____ ___

A

increased EDV

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26
Q

stroke volume = ____ - ______

A

EDV - ESV

27
Q

in anaphylaxis, BP is lowered because of ____ __ ____

A

dilation of vessels

28
Q

what is ejection fraction?

A

the percentage of blood ejected from the ventricles with each beat

29
Q

____ heart failure is common in LVH

A

diastolic

30
Q

the fibrous ____ consists of _ interconnecting rings surrounded by connective tissue which is the insertion point for __ in the heart

A

skeleton

  • 4
  • valves
31
Q

the ___ valves prevent backflow of blood
from ventricles to atria during
systole

A

AV ( atrioventricular )

32
Q

the __ ___ prevent AV valves from opening up & letting blood flow backwards. ___ ___ anchor them to the walls of the heart

A

chordae tendineae

-papillary muscles

33
Q

_____ ___ is what makes the mitral & tricuspid valves close in the ventricles

A

increased pressure

34
Q

____ blood flow is the force that makes the semilunar valves close at the end of ____ in the cardiac cycle

A

retrograde

-systole

35
Q

the ____ & ____ valves are open during ventricular

systole, closed during ventricular diastole

A

pulmonary

aortic

36
Q

the ____ valves have 3 cup-like cusps that are considered the “hidden sinuses of valsalva”

A

semilunar valves: aortic & pulmonary

37
Q

at the end of systole, the pressures in the ____ & ___ are higher than that in the ventricles

A

aorta

pulmonary trunk

38
Q

early diastole is when ____ pressure is low

A

ventricular

39
Q

when the valve is unable to fully open, this is called:

A

stenosis

40
Q

when the valve is unable to fully close, this is called ____

A

Insufficiency or regurgitation

41
Q

the sounds of S1 & S2 are produced by the:

A
  • Vibration of valves immediately after closure

* Vibration of adjacent heart walls & major vessels

42
Q

A Widened S1 split occurring between M1 & T1 can be pathologic for:

A

stenosis

43
Q

A normal split S2 is when the tricuspid valve trails closure of the mitral valve slightly, which produces a softer sound. This can be caused by:

A

inspiration

44
Q

S3 is a weak ___ sound occasionally heard during middle third of diastole. This is represented: S1, S2, S3 / Ken-TUC-ky

A

rumbling

45
Q

S4 is the sound of active ventricular filling and the atria are contracting against __ ventricles to compensate. This is represented by S4, S1, S2 / Ten-nee-SEE

A

stiff

46
Q

S3 is the sound of ___ blood being dumped into the heart

A

extra

> like pouring water in a paper bag

47
Q

rheumatic fever typically affect the ___ or ___ valves. the most common bacteria to cause this is: ____.

A

-mitral
-aortic
> streptoccoccus

48
Q

why are rheumatic valve lesions an easily missed diagnosis?

A

due to over treating of Strep pharyngitis

49
Q

what is the physiological process involved in rheumatic valve lesions?

A

large hemorrhagic lesions eventually become scar tissue, permanently
fusing portions of leaflets
> eventually leads to stenosis & regurgitation

50
Q

what is the most frequent valve abnormality that can cause LVH?

A

aortic stenosis

51
Q

along with a harsh & loud systolic murmur heard against the aortic walls, what is another associated PE finding for aortic stenosis?

A

thrill

52
Q

in this ____ murmur, blood flows backward from high
pressure aorta into low pressure L ventricle producing a high pitched “blowing” & swishing sound. this is due to: ______ ______

A

diastolic

-aortic regurgitation

53
Q

when is aortic regurgitation heard the best during the cardiac cycle & over what location on the precordium?

A

Loudest 1st 1/3 diastole

• Heard maximally over L ventricle

54
Q

Left ventricle with a stenosed ______ ____ has very little blood in it; therefore, no reverberation of
blood occurs

A

mitral valve

55
Q

this valve abnormality produces a weak & low frequency murmur which may have an opening snap, heard after the first 1/3 of diastole

A

mitral stenosis

56
Q

mitral regurgitation is a common systolic murmur that produces a _____ ______ “blowing” & swishing sound

A

high frequency

57
Q

the sound produced by mitral regurgitation is due to blood flowing backwards through the mitral valve into the ____ _____ during systole

A

left atrium

58
Q

tricuspid regurgitation is most often caused by ___ ____ _____

A

right ventricular hypertrophy

59
Q

tricuspid regurgitation is a high pitched _____ murmur in which blood flows back in to the ___ ____ during ____ contraction

A

holosystolic

  • right atrium
  • right ventricular
60
Q

this loud, harsh midsystolic (ejection) murmur is due to ____ _____ on the right ventricle. It is most often found in ____ & considered congenital.

A

increased afterload

-kids

61
Q

a harsh, machine-like murmur heard continuously in systole & diastole is due to ___ ____ ____

A

patent ductus arteriosus

62
Q

patent ductus arteriosus is a ______ abnormality in which blood is shunted from the left side of the heart to the right side of the heart via the pulmonary trunk to the aorta

A

congenital

63
Q

____ ____ ___ is a congenital abnormality in which blood flows from high pressure LV into low pressure RV through defect

A

ventricular septal defect

64
Q

VSD is a loud _____ murmur often harsh & associated w/ a thrill. it is best heard in the L 3rd, 4th, and 5th ICS

A

holosystolic

Human Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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