Cardiac Output/SV/Valves Flashcards
at what part of the cardiac cycle is the heart filling & contracting?
preload
what valves are open during preload? what valves are closed?
open: AV valves
- mitral
- tricuspid
closed: semilunar valves
- aortic
- pulmonic
at what part of the cardiac cycle are the ventricles relaxed & the atria contracted? which valves are involved with the force of blood flow during this part of the cardiac cycle?
diastole
> Blood is forced through open mitral & tricuspid valves
during systole, the ___ are relaxed as they fill with blood. the ___ & ___ valves are closed as ventricular pressure rises
atria
- mitral
- tricuspid
after ventricular pressure rises, the ___ & ____ valves open and the ventricles contract, allowing blood to flow through the circulatory system
aortic
pulmonic
S1 is the sound of the _____ valves closing.
AV valves: mitral & tricuspid
blood pressure _____ when ventricles start to contract
rises
cardiac output is the amount of ____ ____ ___in each ____ over 1 minute
blood pumped out
-ventricle
the normal cardiac output in healthy people = ___ L/min
4 - 8
cardiac output depends on ___ & ____
Heart rate (HR) Stroke volume (SV)
____ is what the heart can do above baseline
cardiac reserve
in runners, their ____ is higher, allowing their heart to beat more effectively
cardiac reserve
____ is the blood pumped out by a ____ with each beat
stroke volume
ventricle
these factors affect stroke volume
- preload
- afterload
- contractility
contractility is the ability of muscle cells to contract after _____
depolarization
during ____, there is stretching of the muscle fibers in the _____ at the end of diastole
preload
-left ventricle
EF < 40% is indicative of ___
systolic CHF
if there is increased preload, the ____ ___ heart muscle will have better contractility (in a healthy pt), and there will more blood pumped into the _____
greater the
-aorta
afterload is the amount of pressure in the LV that the heart must work against to pump blood to ___
the circulatory system
patients w/ prolonged immobilization have poor venous return to the heart. this is influenced by ____ ______
venous pressure
end diastolic volume (EDV) is the amount of blood in ___ during the end of diastole, also known as ___
ventricle
-preload
end systolic volume is the amount of blood left in the ventricle _____ _____
after contraction
____ increases afterload, increasing ESV, which increases the force of contraction
hypertension
in patients with SVT, there is ___ ____ time, resulting in HR up to 150 bpm, thereby decreasing EDV and lowering _____ ____
less diastolic
-stroke volume
a runner with a resting HR of 60 bpm likely has ____ ___
increased EDV
stroke volume = ____ - ______
EDV - ESV
in anaphylaxis, BP is lowered because of ____ __ ____
dilation of vessels
what is ejection fraction?
the percentage of blood ejected from the ventricles with each beat
____ heart failure is common in LVH
diastolic
the fibrous ____ consists of _ interconnecting rings surrounded by connective tissue which is the insertion point for __ in the heart
skeleton
- 4
- valves
the ___ valves prevent backflow of blood
from ventricles to atria during
systole
AV ( atrioventricular )
the __ ___ prevent AV valves from opening up & letting blood flow backwards. ___ ___ anchor them to the walls of the heart
chordae tendineae
-papillary muscles
_____ ___ is what makes the mitral & tricuspid valves close in the ventricles
increased pressure
____ blood flow is the force that makes the semilunar valves close at the end of ____ in the cardiac cycle
retrograde
-systole
the ____ & ____ valves are open during ventricular
systole, closed during ventricular diastole
pulmonary
aortic
the ____ valves have 3 cup-like cusps that are considered the “hidden sinuses of valsalva”
semilunar valves: aortic & pulmonary
at the end of systole, the pressures in the ____ & ___ are higher than that in the ventricles
aorta
pulmonary trunk
early diastole is when ____ pressure is low
ventricular
when the valve is unable to fully open, this is called:
stenosis
when the valve is unable to fully close, this is called ____
Insufficiency or regurgitation
the sounds of S1 & S2 are produced by the:
- Vibration of valves immediately after closure
* Vibration of adjacent heart walls & major vessels
A Widened S1 split occurring between M1 & T1 can be pathologic for:
stenosis
A normal split S2 is when the tricuspid valve trails closure of the mitral valve slightly, which produces a softer sound. This can be caused by:
inspiration
S3 is a weak ___ sound occasionally heard during middle third of diastole. This is represented: S1, S2, S3 / Ken-TUC-ky
rumbling
S4 is the sound of active ventricular filling and the atria are contracting against __ ventricles to compensate. This is represented by S4, S1, S2 / Ten-nee-SEE
stiff
S3 is the sound of ___ blood being dumped into the heart
extra
> like pouring water in a paper bag
rheumatic fever typically affect the ___ or ___ valves. the most common bacteria to cause this is: ____.
-mitral
-aortic
> streptoccoccus
why are rheumatic valve lesions an easily missed diagnosis?
due to over treating of Strep pharyngitis
what is the physiological process involved in rheumatic valve lesions?
large hemorrhagic lesions eventually become scar tissue, permanently
fusing portions of leaflets
> eventually leads to stenosis & regurgitation
what is the most frequent valve abnormality that can cause LVH?
aortic stenosis
along with a harsh & loud systolic murmur heard against the aortic walls, what is another associated PE finding for aortic stenosis?
thrill
in this ____ murmur, blood flows backward from high
pressure aorta into low pressure L ventricle producing a high pitched “blowing” & swishing sound. this is due to: ______ ______
diastolic
-aortic regurgitation
when is aortic regurgitation heard the best during the cardiac cycle & over what location on the precordium?
Loudest 1st 1/3 diastole
• Heard maximally over L ventricle
Left ventricle with a stenosed ______ ____ has very little blood in it; therefore, no reverberation of
blood occurs
mitral valve
this valve abnormality produces a weak & low frequency murmur which may have an opening snap, heard after the first 1/3 of diastole
mitral stenosis
mitral regurgitation is a common systolic murmur that produces a _____ ______ “blowing” & swishing sound
high frequency
the sound produced by mitral regurgitation is due to blood flowing backwards through the mitral valve into the ____ _____ during systole
left atrium
tricuspid regurgitation is most often caused by ___ ____ _____
right ventricular hypertrophy
tricuspid regurgitation is a high pitched _____ murmur in which blood flows back in to the ___ ____ during ____ contraction
holosystolic
- right atrium
- right ventricular
this loud, harsh midsystolic (ejection) murmur is due to ____ _____ on the right ventricle. It is most often found in ____ & considered congenital.
increased afterload
-kids
a harsh, machine-like murmur heard continuously in systole & diastole is due to ___ ____ ____
patent ductus arteriosus
patent ductus arteriosus is a ______ abnormality in which blood is shunted from the left side of the heart to the right side of the heart via the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
congenital
____ ____ ___ is a congenital abnormality in which blood flows from high pressure LV into low pressure RV through defect
ventricular septal defect
VSD is a loud _____ murmur often harsh & associated w/ a thrill. it is best heard in the L 3rd, 4th, and 5th ICS
holosystolic
