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RUSVM Pathology I > Circulatory Disturbances- Dr. Llanes > Flashcards

Circulatory Disturbances- Dr. Llanes Flashcards

1
Q

Edema

A

Abnormal accumulation of excess extracellular water in interstitial spaces or in body cavities

or fluid outside of the vascular and cellular water compartments

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2
Q

Pathomechanisms of edema

A
  1. increased blood hydrostatic pressure
  2. decreased plasma colloidal osmotic pressure
  3. lymphatic obstruction
  4. increased vascular permeability
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3
Q

2 types of edema

A

Inflammatory & non-inflammatory

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4
Q

Inflammatory edema characteristics

A 
referred to a exudate
Increased vascular permeability
Edema fluid is protein rich
High specific gravity
Less than 7000 nucleated cells per uL
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5
Q

Non-Inflammatory edema characteristics

A

Referred to as transudate
Edema fluid is protein poor
Low specific gravity
Less than 1500 nucleated cells per uL

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6
Q

Gross descriptors of edema

A
  • wet
  • gelatinous
  • heavy
  • swollen organs
  • fluid weeps from cut surfaces
  • may be yellow
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7
Q

histological appearance of edema

A
  • Clear or pale eosinophilic staining depending on inflammatory or non
  • spaces are distended
  • blood vessels may be filled with RBC’s
  • lymphatics are dilated
  • collagen bundles are separated
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8
Q

pitting edema

A

When pressure is applied to an area of edema a depression or dent results as excessive interstitial fluid is forced to adjacent areas

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9
Q

Hydrothorax

A

fluid in the thoracic cavity

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10
Q

Pericardial effusion

A
  • Mulberry heart disease
  • type of inflammatory edema
  • note fibrin strands and cloudy appearance of the pericardial fluid
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11
Q

Ascites or hydroperitoneum

A

fluid (transudate) in the peritoneal cavity

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12
Q

anasarca

A

generalized edema with profuse accumulation of fluid within the subcutaneous tissue

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13
Q

Submandibular edema- common name

A

Bottle jaw

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14
Q

Clinical significance of edema

A
  • Depends on the extent, location and duration

- Tissue can become firm and distorted due to fibrous connective tissue buildup

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15
Q

Pulmonary edema

A
  • Non-inflammatory is associated with left-side congestive heart failure
  • Inflammatory due to damage to pulmonary capillary endothelium (such as pneumonia)
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16
Q

Chronic pulmonary edema

A
  • associated with heart failure
  • fibrosis can occur in alveolar walls
  • accumulation of heart failure cells
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17
Q

Hyperemia

A

Local increase in blood volume and flow resulting in engorgement of vascular bed with oxygenated blood

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18
Q

Congestion

A
  • passive engorgement of vascular bed

- similar to hyperemia, however due to decreased outflow instead of increased flow

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19
Q

Causes of physiological hyperemia

A
  • digestion
  • exercise
  • heat dissipation
  • neurovascular (blushing)
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20
Q

pathological hyperemia

A
  • underlying pathological process (generally inflammation)
  • arteriolar dilitation secondary to inflammatory stimulation
  • reddening caused by inflammation and edema
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21
Q

Gastrointestinal congestion due to twisting which cuts off blood flow

A

-Gastric or intestinal volvulus

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22
Q

Pulmonary congestion is usually caused by

A

heart failure

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23
Q

Subacute to chronic hepatic congestion is usually the result of

A

Right-side congestive heart failure

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24
Q

Common name for chronic hepatic congestion

A

nutmeg liver

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25
Q

Hemorrhage

A
  • the escape of blood from vasculature

- can be internal or external

26
Q

Causes of Hemorrhage

A

-trauma
-sepsis
viremia, bacteremia, toxins
-abdominal neoplasia
-coagulation dysfunction

27
Q

Clinical significance of hemorrhage is determined by

A

location and severity

28
Q

largest concern in acute hemorrage

A

hypovolemic shock

29
Q

Hemopericardium

A

blood in the pericardial cavity

30
Q

Hemorrhage per rhexis

A

Hemorrhage caused by substantial tear in vascular or cardiac wall

31
Q

Hemorrhage per diapedesis

A
  • caused by a small defect in the vessel wall

- caused by RBC’s passing through vessel wall in cases of inflammation or congestion

32
Q

Hemorrhagic diathesis

A

Increased tendency to hemorrhage from normally insignificant injuries

33
Q

Hemothorax

A

blood in the thoracic cavity

34
Q

Hemoarthrosis

A

blood within a join space

35
Q

hemoptysis

A
  • coughing up of blood

- blood-stained sputum from lungs or airways

36
Q

Epistaxis

A

bleeding from nose

37
Q

Petechia

A

small hemorrhagic foci on an organ

38
Q

Ecchymosis

A

larger hemorrhagic foci

39
Q

Agonal Hemorrhages

A

petechiae and ecchymoses associated with terminal hypoxia

40
Q

Suffusive Hemorrhages

A

Larger than ecchymosis and contiguous

41
Q

Methods of hemorrhage resolution

A
  • reabsorption
  • phagocytosis
  • organizing hematoma
42
Q

Stages of hematoma

A
  1. Hemoglobin (red-blue)
  2. Bilirubin (blue-green)
  3. Hemosiderin (yellow-brown)
43
Q

Hemostasis

A

Arrest of hemorrhage by physiological or surgical means

44
Q

Pathological hemostasis

A

thrombosis- unnecessary activation of physiological hemostatic agents forms a clot

45
Q

Components necessary for normal hemostsis or thrombosis to occur

A
  • vascular wall
  • platelets
  • coagulation cascade
46
Q

Which vasoconstrictor is the first to be released when injury occurs?

A

endothelin

47
Q

What causes platelets to adhere to von Willebrand factor and be activated?

A

glycoprotein lb (Gplb)

48
Q

Activated platelets undergo a shape change from ______ to _________.

A

Small and rounded

Flat plates with increased surface area

49
Q

During platelet activation _____ and _____ are releases which leads to platelet aggregation via ___________.

A

ADP, TXA2

Fibrinogen binding to Gplb-llla Receptors

50
Q

At the end of primary hemostasis we are left with a _______ in the affected area.

A

Hemostatic plug

51
Q

Pathogenesis of Thrombosis (Virchow triad)

A
  1. endothelial injury
  2. Alterations in blood flow
  3. Hypercoagulability
52
Q

Verminous thrombosis

A

Thrombus in cranial mesenteric artery of horses with Strongylus vulgaris infection

53
Q

Potential outcomes of thrombus

A
  • lysis
  • propagation
  • embolization/recanalization
54
Q

Embolism

A

Passage through the cardiovascular system of any material capable of lodging in the lumen of a vessel.

55
Q

Thromboembolism

A

Embolism caused by pieces of a thrombus

56
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

A

Generalized activation of blood coagulation system

57
Q

DIC can lead to________ and _________.

A

Consumptive coagulopathy, hemorrhagic diathesis

58
Q

Infarction

A

Localized area of ischemic necrosis in a tissue or organ caused by occlusion of the cardiovascular system.

59
Q

Types of Shock (Cardiovascular collapse)

A
  1. Cardiogenic
  2. Hypovolemic
  3. Anaphylactic
  4. Neurogenic
  5. Septic
60
Q

Most common cause of septic shock

A

Endotoxin producing gram- bacilli

RUSVM Pathology I (3 decks)

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