Circulatory Diseases Flashcards
True or False: Pulmonary system is a high pressure system
False, it is a low-pressure system
Pulmonary oedema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lung, particularly the interstitial and alveolar spaces
What are the 2 main underlying causes of pulmonary oedema?
1) Haemodynamic (increased hydrostatic pressure)
• Cardiac related – due to cardiac failure
2) Due to cellular injury, in:
• Alveolar lining cells
• Alveolar endothelium
ARDS
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome - Due to physiological shock where cardiac output decreases due to decrease in blood volume
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)
Premature infants (
Virchow’s Triad
- Factors in vessel wall - Endothelial damage
- Abnormal blood flow (venous stasis)
- Hypercoaguable blood
What do the effects of the PE depend on?
- Size of embolus (Large are severely symptomatic, small are often asymptomatic)
- Cardiac function
- Respiratory function
Cor pulmonale
Abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of disease of the lungs or the pulmonary blood vessels.
What are the risk factors for DVT and PE?
- Thrombophilia
- Contraceptive pill or HRT
- Pregnancy
- Pelvic obstruction, e.g. uterys, ovary, lymph nodes
- rauma to the vasculature
- Surgery
- Immobility e.g. bed rest, long haul flights
- Malignancy
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Obesity
What would the ABG results look like with a PE?
Fall in PaO2 and SaO2 (Type 1 rep failure: PaCo2 normal or low).
Remember that this is a perfusion issue rather than a ventilation issue, which is why CO2 is normal but get hypoxic
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
aka Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA).
An primary systemic autoimmune vasculitis characterised by inflammation of the small and medium sized blood vessels
Wegener’s granulomatosis
Systemic vasculitis that typically involves small and medium vessels
Microscopic polyangiitis
Inflammation of the small and sometimes medium sized blood vessels…again
