Circulatory/Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Notes Flashcards
Circulatory System or Cardiovascular System
• functions: o transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones; o removes wastes; o helps fight infections o helps regulate body temperature • structures: o heart, blood, blood vessels
Transport
• life function involving the absorption and distribution of materials throughout an organism
o in humans: circulatory system o in unicellular organisms:
cytoplasm and cell membrane o in plants: xylem and phloem
Muscular Tissue
- contracts and relaxes to create movement
* examples: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac/heart muscle
Cardiac Muscle
- heart muscle
* involuntary and striated
Smooth Muscle
• involuntary, non-striated muscles of the blood vessels, digestive system, respiratory system, urinary tract, and reproductive system
Oxygenated Blood
• blood that is oxygen-rich
• blood picks up oxygen at the lungs
and is brought back to the heart by the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, on to the left ventricle, and through the aorta to all the body systems
• the left side of the heart handles this type of blood
Deoxygenated Blood
• blood that is oxygen-poor
• blood returns to the heart after
delivering oxygen and picking up carbon dioxide and water vapor from all the body systems; it enters the heart from the inferior and superior vena cava, flows into the right atrium, enters the right ventricle, and is sent to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries
• the right side of the hear handles deoxygenated blood
Atria (singular: Atrium)
• two upper chambers of the heart • blood enters the heart through these chambers • see #1 on the upper right side of the heart (receives deoxygenated blood from vena cava (#7 & #8) • see #3 on the upper left side of the heart (receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins (#9)
Ventricles
• two lower chambers of the heart • these chambers have muscular walls that contract to force blood out to the lungs and body systems • see #2 on the right side of the heart (pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs) • see #4 on the left side of the heart (this side has a thicker muscle because it must pump oxygenated blood much farther to all the body systems)
Valves
• flaps of connective tissue that open and close to keep blood flowing in one direction
• there are 4 of these in the heart, and more all along the veins in our body
• open to allow blood to flow through
from one part of the heart to the next
• close to prevent the back flow of
blood
Septum
- wall that separates the deoxygenated blood on one side of the heart from the oxygenated blood on the other side of the heart
- it prevents the deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood from mixing
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
- Inferior Vena Cava 2. Superior Vena Cava 3. Right Atrium
- Valve
- Right Ventricle
- Valve
- Pulmonary Artery
- Pulmonary Arteries to Lungs
- Pulmonary Veins from Lungs
- Left Atrium
- Valve
- Left Ventricle
- Valve
- Aorta
- Ascending Aorta to Upper Body 16. Descending Aorta to Lower Body
Blood Pressure
- The amount of force applied to artery walls as blood flows through them
- Normal blood pressure is about 120/80
- Autonomic Nervous System can control this by causing smooth muscle of artery walls to contract or relax
- Endocrine System can control this by releasing hormones causing kidneys to retain or release more water in urine
Systolic Pressure
- Blood pressure when ventricles contract
* This is the higher number (120)
Diastolic Pressure
- Blood pressure when ventricles relax
* This is the lower number (80)
Hypertension of high Blood Pressure
• Blood pressure is too high and can lead to cardiovascular disease (heart disease)
Heart Rate / Pulse
- Normally measured in beats per minute
- Always measured in arteries (not veins)
- Autonomic Nervous System detects Carbon Dioxide levels and increases beats per minute if they get too high
- The harder the physical activity à the more energy being usedàthe faster the rate of cellular respirationàthe more carbon dioxide producedàthe more beats per minute needed to quickly remove CO2 and replenish O2
- If beats per minute are pushed too high for too long, the body will not be able to maintain homeostasis and disease may occur
Arteries
• Take blood AWAY from the heart • Oxygen Rich (except pulmonary arties which bring deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen) • Thick, Elastic walls covered in Smooth Muscle to withstand pressure • Maintain blood flow through rhythmic contractions (pulse)
Veins
• Return blood to heart • Oxygen poor (except pulmonary veins which bring oxygen back from the lungs) • Thinner, less elastic, flatter • Have Valves to prevent backflow • Rely on physical activity to help move blood up against gravity
Capillaries
• Tiny narrow vessels
• Extremely thin walls so that CO2, O2,
hormones, nutrients, and waste products could diffuse in and out
Pulmonary Circulation
- Circulation between the heart and lungs
- RA -> RV -> PA -> L -> PV
- See Diagram: (5 -> 2 -> lungs -> 7 - >4)
Systemic Circulation
- Circulation between the hear and lungs
- LA -> LV -> A -> B -> VC
- See Diagram: (6 -> 8 -> Body -> 1 -> 3)
Coronary Circulation
• Circulation providing oxygen rich blood to the cells of the heart itself via the coronary artery
Red Blood Cells
- Most numerous blood cells (45% of blood volume)
- Transport O2 and CO2
- See Diagram Letter B
White Blood Cells
• Aid in body’s immune response • Some engulf and digest invading bacterial; Others produce antibodies to tag invaders for destruction • Normally less than 1% of blood volume but will increase in number to help fight an infection • See Diagram Letter A
Platelets
- Come from White Blood Cell fragments
- Aid in Blood Clotting by plugging tears in blood vessels to stop bleeding
- See Diagram Letter C
Blood Plasma
• Straw-colored fluid surrounding blood cells (55% of blood) • 90% water • 10% other (hormones, enzymes, nutrients, wastes products, proteins that help with blood clotting, etc.) • See Diagram Letter D
Blood Clotting
- Process by which damaged blood vessels are repaired
- Platelets arrive at a cut, plug up the opening, and rupture to release enzymes that cause protein fibers to stick together and seal the wound to prevent further blood loss
Hemoglobin
- Protein found in red blood cells that picks up oxygen in the lungs
- The iron in this protein is what makes blood red
Oxyhemoglobin
• Protein found in red blood cells that has picked up and formed a chemical bond with oxygen in the lungs
Phagocytes
• White blood cells that engulf and break down bacteria
Intercellular Fluid
- Blood plasma that has leaked out of the blood vessels
* This fluid surrounds the cells of the body
Lymph
- Intercellular fluid that has been picked up by the vessels of the lymphatic system
- This fluid is filtered by the lymphatic system and returned to the circulatory system
Lymphatic System
- functions: collects fluid that leaks out of the blood vessels, filters it, and returns it to the circulatory system; works with the immune system to help fight infection
- structures: lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen
Anemia
• Disorder characterized by a low red blood cell count and/or misshapen red blood cells which leads to insufficient hemoglobin
Leukemia
• Cancer of blood forming tissues
• Bone marrow produces an abnormal
number of malformed white blood cells
Cardiovascular Disease
• Disease of the circulatory system
• Could be linked to improper diet (e.g.
too high in saturated fats), lack of exercise, and smoking
Angina Pectoris
- Severe chest pain from restricted blood flow
* Symptom of a heart attack
Heart Attack
• Caused by a blockage of oxygen supply to the heart via the coronary artery as heart tissue starts dying
