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biol 364 > circulation pt2 > Flashcards

circulation pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the Frank-Starling effect?

A

an increase in end-diastolic volume (blood in ventricle during diastole, before contraction) results in a more forceful contraction and increased SV (stroke volume)

length-tension relationship for muscle

heart automatically compensates for increases in volume of blood returning to the heart (AUTOREGULATION)

more blood enter ventricle, more forceful contraction (increase SV, more blood leave ventricle)

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2
Q

what would happen if the Frank-Starling effect did not occur?

A

blood would pool, large amounts of venous blood will be stuck in ventricle bc increased venous blood are entering the ventricle but blood leaving the ventricle remains the same
(more blood enter than leave ventricle)

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3
Q

level of sympathetic activity shifts the position of…

A

the cardiac muscle length-tension relationship

(stroke volume will be higher during increased sympathetic activity compared to basal level, even when end-diastolic volume are the same)

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4
Q

how do arterioles control blood distribution

A

arranged in parallel so can alter blood flow to various organs

by vasoconstriction of vasodilation (change resistance)

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5
Q

factors that control vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

autoregulation (direct response of arteriole smooth muscle to blood pressure)

intrinsic factor (metabolic rate of tissue)

extrinsic factor (nervous and endocrine systems)

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6
Q

what are the 2 organs that receive the highest percentage of blood in humans?
why?

A

liver + digestive tract

kidneys

bc they detoxify blood

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7
Q

contraction of what reduces blood flow to capillary bed?

why do they want to reduce blood flow to certain areas?

A

contraction of pre-capillary sphincters

reduce tissues that are not being used and bring blood to tissues that need them more

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8
Q

what are some myogenic autoregulation of flow

A

smooth muscle cells in arterioles are sensitive to stretch and contract when blood pressure increases-> to keep things constant

(negative feedback loop, prevents excessive flow of blood into tissue) may have pooling in tissues without this response

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9
Q

what is the process for blood flow to match to metabolic requirements?

A

tissue metabolic rate up
O2 down, CO2 up, waste up
arteriolar smooth muscles sense this
vasodilation
resistance down
blood flow up
O2 delivery up, CO2 removal up, waste removal up
tissue O2 up, tissue CO2 down, waste down

(negative feedback loop)

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10
Q

hormones that cause vasoconstriction

A

Vasopressin (ADH) from posterior pituitary
Angiotensin II in response to decreased blood pressure
norepinephrine from sympathetic neurons

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11
Q

hormones that cause vasodilation

A

decreased sympathetic tone (norepinephrine)
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in response to increased blood pressure

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12
Q

why does pressure and pulse decrease in arterioles

A

due to high resistance

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13
Q

how does the aorta act as a pressure reservoir

A

with elastic vessel wall, expands during systole and recoil during diastole

dampens pressure fluctuations

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14
Q

what is vein volume controlled by

A

sympathetic nerves-> venomotor tone

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15
Q

which contains more volume of blood vein or arteries

A

veins

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16
Q

what are the 2 pumps that assist in moving blood back to heart?

why do they need the pumps?

A

skeletal muscle (contraction of muscle squeezes vein) and respiratory pumps (pressure changes in thoracic cavity during ventilation)

because blood in veins is under low pressure

17
Q

equation for mean arterial pressure

A

MAP = CO * TPR

CO= cardiac output
TPR= total peripheral resistance

18
Q

what are baroreceptors?
where are they found?
what do they do?

A

stretch-sensitive mechano receptors in walls of many major blood vessels

in carotid arteries and aorta

send nerve signals to cardiovascular control center-> regulates MAP

19
Q

how do kidneys help maintain blood volume?

A

excrete or retain water to adjust blood volume and pressure

20
Q

what is the starling principle?

A

net filtration pressure = (Pcap - Pif) - (picap - piif)

Pcap= hydrostatic pressure of blood in the capillary
Pif= hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid
picap= osmotic pressure in the capillary
piif= osmotic pressure interstitial fluid

21
Q

what is osmotic pressure caused by?
what does it do?

A

salts and proteins in solution
if osmotic pressure is higher in interstitial fluid than capillary, fluid will enter the capillary

22
Q

what does capillary hydrostatic pressure do?
why does capillary hydrostatic pressure decrease over time?

A

forces fluid out of capillaries
bc of resistance

23
Q

describe the osmotic pressure in capillary over time

A

stays the same

24
Q

describe filtration and reabsorption as blood travels from aortic end to venous end

A

aortic end: pressure in capillary higher than osmotic pressure, fluid moves out of capillary-> net filtration

venous end: pressure in capillary lower than osmotic pressure, fluid enters capillary-> net reabsorption

25
Q

what does the lymphatic system do?

A

collects excess filtered fluid and returns it to circulatory system

26
Q

what do lymph nodes do?

A

filter lymph to remove pathogens

27
Q

what is edema?

A

accumulation of interstitial fluid

28
Q

equation for hydrostatic pressure

A

delta P = rho * g * delta h

29
Q

how do body positions alter blood pressure and flow?

A

changes relative to gravity

standing up causes pooling of blood in lower body
(venous return down, SV down, MAP down)

30
Q

what can bring the MAP back to normal when standing?

A

baroreceptor reflex
HR up, SV up, MAP up

31
Q

what is orthostatic hypotension

A

low blood pressure upon standing when reflex is too slow

can result in fainting

32
Q

what are some adaptations the giraffe has to overcome hydrostatic pressure?

A

very strong heart w/ low stroke volume and fast heart beat that generates super high MAP

muscular arteries
skin on legs very tight
tight endothelium
venous valves

33
Q

how does hydrostatic pressure impact animals in water

A

blood and water have a similar density and hydrostatic effects outside the animal cancel out the gravitational effects

34
Q

steps of tissue regeneration

A

wound healing
blastema formation
cells differentiate and tissue regeneration

35
Q

what are the steps to wound healing

A

hemostasis
inflammation and proliferation
remodeling/ maturation

36
Q

in humans, which organs can regenrate?

A

liver

organs such as thyroid gland, kidney, lungs have facultative regeneration (depend on type of damage and severity)

37
Q

in the study, gill regeneration was higher in which treatment for the gills?

A

50% resection gills had higher levels of regeneration
(compared to 30% resection)

biol 364 (6 decks)

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