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Circulation: The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System (Chapter 9) > Circulation : Key Terms > Flashcards

Circulation : Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

plaque

A

A patch. With regard to the Cardiovascular system: a deposit of fatty material and other substances on a vessel wall that impedes blood flow and may block the vessel; atheromatous plaque

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2
Q

ischemia

A

reducing blood flow to the tissue

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3
Q

dyslipidemia

A

major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, abnormally high levels or imbalance in lipoproteins that are carried in the blood; especially high levels of cholesterol-containing low density lipoproteins (LDLs)

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4
Q

ateriosclerosis

A

in which vessel walls harden from any cause

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5
Q

thrombosis

A

the formation of a blood clot within a vessel

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6
Q

thrombus

A

clot, interrupting blood flow to the tissues supplied by that vessel, resulting in necrosis (tissue death)

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7
Q

embolism

A

blockage of a vessel by a thrombus or other mass carried in the bloodstream. Mass itself is called an embolus: usually a clot but could also be air, fat, bacteria or other solid matter from within or outside the body.

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8
Q

CVA

A

Cerebrovascular accident or a stroke; sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of blood flow. An embolus from a carotid artery often blocks a cerebral vessel causing a CVA.

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9
Q

aneurysm

A

when an arterial wall weakened by atherosclerosis, malformation, injury or other changes may balloon. If an aneurysm ruptures, hemorrhage results. Rupture of a cerebral artery is another cause of stroke.

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10
Q

dissecting aneurysm

A

blood hemorrhages into the arterial wall’s thick middle layer, separating the the muscle as it spreads and sometimes rupturing the vessel - most common in the aorta. May be possible to repair with a graft.

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11
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure: systolic pressure greater than 140mmHG or a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mmHG. Causes the LT ventricle to enlarge (hypertrophy) as a result of increased work. Essential (primary, idiopathic) hypertension has no known cause.

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12
Q

CAD

A

Coronary Artery disease: results from atherosclerosis in the vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle.

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13
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain, early sign of CAD. This is a feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate to the LT arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exertion.

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14
Q

diaphoresis

A

profuse sweating

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15
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

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16
Q

Diagnosing CAD

A

Diagnosed by ECG, stress test, echocardiography, and coronary angiography

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17
Q

Coronary CT angiography (CTA)

A

a noninvasive procedure that can be used in the diagnosis of heart disease. It employs computed tomography scans following injections of a small amount of dye into the arm.

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18
Q

Coronary calcium scan (heart scan)

A

reveals vessel-narrowing calcium deposits in the coronary arterial walls

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19
Q

CRP

A

C-reactive protein - substance associated with poor cardiovascular health. Produced during systemic inflammation, which may contribute to atherosclerosis.

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20
Q

angioplasty

A

surgical dilatation of the blocked vessel by means of a balloon catheter, a procedure technically called percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA).

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21
Q

stent

A

small mesh tube to keep the vessel open, may be required in an angioplasty.

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22
Q

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

A

bypass of a blocked vessel or vascular graft - another vessel or a piece of another vessel is grafted to carry blood from the aorta to a point past the coronary vessel obstruction.

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23
Q

atherosclerosis

A

the accumulation of fatty deposits within the lining of an artery

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24
Q

shock

A

a severe disturbance in the circulatory system resulting in inadequate blood delivery to the tissues,

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25
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

caused by heart failure

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26
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

caused by loss of blood volume

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27
Q

septic shock

A

caused by bacterial infection

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28
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

cause by a severe allergic reaction

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29
Q

arrhythmia

A

any abnormality in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat

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30
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heart rate,

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31
Q

clubbing

A

enlargement of ends of fingers and toes caused by a growth of the soft tissue around the nails. Seen in diseases with poor peripheral circulation

32
Q

coarctation of aorta

A

localized narrowing of the aorta with restriction of blood flow

33
Q

cyanosis

A

bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen

34
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis: thrombophlebitis involving deep veins

35
Q

edema

A

swelling of body tissues caused by the presence of excess fluid. Causes include cardiovascular disturbances, kidney failure, inflammation, and malnutrition

36
Q

fibrillation

A

spontaneous, quivering and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibers, as in the atria or the ventricles

37
Q

heart block

A

an interference in the electrical conduction system of the heart resulting in arrhythmia

38
Q

heart failure

A

a condition caused by inability of the heart to maintain adequate blood circulation

39
Q

hemorrhoid

A

a varicose vein in the rectum

40
Q

infarct

A

an area of localized tissue necrosis (death) resulting from a blockage or a narrowing of the artery that supplies that area

41
Q

ischemia

A

local deficiency of blood supply cause by circulatory obstruction

42
Q

murmur

A

an abnormal heart sound

43
Q

MI

A

Myocardial infarction: localized necrosis of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery that supplies that area. Usually caused by a formation of a thrombus in a vessel.

44
Q

occlusion

A

closing off or obstruction, as of a vessel

45
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

persistence of the ductus arteriosus after birth. The d.a is a vessel that connect the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta in the fetus to bypass the lungs.

46
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of the vein

47
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

damage to the heart valves after infection with a type of streptococcus. The antibodies produced in response to the infection produce valvular scarring usually involving the mitral valve

48
Q

septal defect

A

an opening of the septum between the atria or ventricles; a common cause is persistence of the foramen ovale, an opening between the atria that bypasses the lungs in fetal circulation.

49
Q

stenosis

A

constriction or narrowing of an opening

50
Q

syncope

A

a temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain, fainting

51
Q

tachycardia

A

an abnormally rapid heart rate, usually over 100 bpm

52
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood clot

53
Q

varicose vein

A

a twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves, pooling of blood, and chronic dilation of the vessel

54
Q

ablation

A

removal or destruction. Cardiac ablation: a catheter is used to destroy a portion of the heart’s conduction pathway to correct arrhythmia

55
Q

artificial pacemaker

A

a battery- operated device that generates electrical impulses ti regulate the heartbeat to prevent tachycardia

56
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation: restoration of cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation after cardiac arrest using artificial respiration and chest compressions or cardiac massage

57
Q

cardioversion

A

correction of an abnormal cardia rhythm. May be pharmacologically, with anti arrhythmic drugs, or by application of electrical current (defibrillation)

58
Q

CK-MB

A

Creatine Kinase MB: enzyme released in increased amounts from cardiac muscle following MI. Serum assay helps diagnose MI and determine the extent of muscle damage

59
Q

defibrillation

A

use of an electronic device to stop fibrillation by delivering a brief electric shock to the heart as by an AED (automated external defib) or directly through wire leads using an ICD (implantable cardioverter defib)

60
Q

echocardiography

A

a noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures

61
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: dilation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter inserted into the vessel and then inflated to flatten plaque against the arterial wall.

62
Q

stress test

A

evaluation of physical fitness by continuous ECG monitoring during exercise

63
Q

Tn

A

Troponin: a protein in muscle cells that regulates contraction. Increased serum levels, primarily in the forms TnT and TnI, indicate recent MI

64
Q

tonsils

A

located in the throat - they filter inhaled or swallowed materials and aid in immunity early in life

65
Q

thymus

A

in the chest above the heart; processes and stimulates lymphocytes active in immunity

66
Q

spleen

A

in the upper LT region of the abdomen; filters blood and destroys old red blood cells

67
Q

appendix

A

attached to the large intestine, may aid in the development of immunity

68
Q

peyer patches

A

in the lining of the intestines; help protect against invading microorganisms

69
Q

lymph

A

the thin, plasma like fluid that drains from th tissues and is transported in lymphatic vessels

70
Q

lymph node

A

a small mass of lymphoid tissue along the path of a lymphatic vessel that filters lymph

71
Q

lymphatic system

A

the system that drains fluid and proteins from the tissues and returns them to the blood stream. It also participates in immunity and aids in absorption of fats from the digestive tract

72
Q

RT lymphatic duct

A

drains fluid from body’s upper RT side

73
Q

thoracic duct

A

the lymphatic duct that drain fluid from the upper LT side of the body and all of the lower body; LT lymphatic duct

74
Q

lymphadenitis

A

inflammation and enlargement of lymph nodes, usually as a result of infection

75
Q

lymphagintis

A

inflammation of lymphatic vessels as a result of bacterial infection. Appears as painful red streaks under the skin

76
Q

lymphedema

A

swelling of tissues with lymph caused by obstruction or excision of lymphatic vessels

77
Q

lymphoma

A

any neoplastic disease of lymphoid tissue

Circulation: The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System (Chapter 9) (4 decks)

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