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CVS > Circulation/Blood > Flashcards

Circulation/Blood Flashcards

1
Q

How long do platelets circulate in the blood for?

A

7-10 days.

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2
Q

What are the roles of Basophils?

A

They migrate to tissues and become mast cells. They contain histamine which is important for allergies and express surface IgE.

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3
Q

what are the steps before a cell becomes platelet granules?

A

Myeloid stem cell - Megakaryoblast - Megakaryocyte - Platelets

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4
Q

What are the 4 proteins that make up plasma?

A

Albumin, Carrier proteins, Coagulation proteins, Immunoglobulins.

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5
Q

What is the structure of a erythtrocyte?

A

Its a bioconcave disk thats 7.5 microns in diameter. It is a simple cell enucleated with no mitochondria. The main components are Hb and gylolysis enzymes.

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6
Q

What does dyshaemopoietic anaemia mean?

A

it is the ineffective production of red blood cells.

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7
Q

What is the role of dendritic cells?

A

they present antigens to the immune system.

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8
Q

Where do T cells originate from?

A

Thymus

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9
Q

Why are aspirin and clopidogrel used following a heart attack?

A

They affect platelet function so thrombosis is less likely to occur.

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10
Q

What is the role of neutrophils?

A

they phagocytose bacteria and foreign material.

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11
Q

how long do erythrocytes circulate in the blood for?

A

120 days

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12
Q

Whats the normal range of Hb in the blood?

A

<130 g/L males 110 females

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13
Q

how many lobes do neutrophils have in their nucleus

A

3-5 lobes

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14
Q

What are Eosinophils specialised to respond to?

A

Parasites; both in defence and during parasitic infection

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15
Q

Where are B lymphocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow

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16
Q

Give a brief summary of platelet action.

A

Platelets circulate in an inactive state. There is damage to blood vessels and platelets are exposed to collagen. When they bing to collagen they change shape. When they change shape they release their contents into the surrounding area. Alpha granules containing fibrinogen and electron dense granules used for energy. The platelets aggregate to form a thrombus.

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17
Q

What are clotting factors?

A

A series of enzymes that circulate in an inactive state that cause a cascade system when activated.

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18
Q

What do vessels do when they are injured.

A

constrict to reduce the blood flow.

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19
Q

Where are immunoglobulins produced?

A

they are produced by B lymphocytes.

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20
Q

What is the role of albumin in plasma?

A

It determines the oncotic pressured keeps the intravascular fluid in its space.

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21
Q

How do platelets change shape when activated?

A

they become spiculated and a pseudopodia structure. This increases the possibility of cell-cell interactions by increasing the surface area.

22
Q

What percentage of blockage is required to restrict blood flow?

A

70%

23
Q

what does Glycoprotein llb/lla receptors bind to during a vessel rupture?

A

It binds to the von willerbrand factor which is attached to collagen.

24
Q

What breaks down a clot when it is no longer needed?

A

The endothelial cells will release tPA to break down fibrinogen into its degradation products.

25
Q

When the platelet is activated what happens to the dense granules?

A

the granule gets shunted to the exterior and the contents are released into the proximal area including ADP

26
Q

What molecule does aspirin inhibit?

A

Thromboxane A2

27
Q

List 3 vasoconstrictors

A

Epinephrine, Angiotensin 2, Vasopressin

28
Q

Where is the principle site of resistance to vascular flow?

A

The Arterioles.

29
Q

What does TPR mean?

A

It is the total peripheral resistance. [also equal to total arteriolar resistance]

30
Q

Which vessels are described as low resistance conduits?

A

Arteries, Veins, venules.

31
Q

What is the uni-directional flow of the lymph aided by? 3 things.

A
  1. Smooth muscle in lymphatic vessels
  2. Skeletal muscle pump
  3. Respiratory pump
32
Q

What is Poiseuilles equation?

A

That flow is equal to the radius to the power.

33
Q

Briefly outline the Frank-Starling mechanism.

A
  1. Stroke volume increases as end-diastolic volume increases.
  2. Due to length-tension relationship of muscle
  3. End diastolic volume increases which increases stretch and in turn increases contraction strength.
  4. Cardiac muscle at rest is not at its optimum length.
    • ↑VR = ↑EDV = ↑SV = ↑CO (even if HR constant)
34
Q

What are the 5 main components of control of the circulation?

A
  1. Autoregulation
  2. Local mediators
  3. Humoral factors
  4. Baroreceptors
  5. Central [neural] control
35
Q

What area in the brain afferents the cardiovascular area.

A

The hypothalamus and the pons.

36
Q

What is the short term and the long term main chemoreceptors for the control of circulation?

A

Baroreceptors-ST
Volume of blood- LT
Na+, H2O, RAAS, ADH

37
Q

What are the three key receptors for the control of circulation?

A

Blood vessels,
The Heart,
The kidney.

38
Q

When is blood pressure the highest and what reading would it give?

A

During systole.

100-150 mmHg

39
Q

Where are the primary arterial baroreceptors?

A

The carotid sinus and the aortic arch.

40
Q

What role does nitric oxide have?

A

Potent vasodilator

41
Q

State ohms law.

A

flow = Difference in pressure/resistance

42
Q

what is the blood pressure equation?

A

blood pressure = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance.

43
Q

what is pulse pressure?

A

systolic pressure-diastolic pressure.

44
Q

What is the equation for main arterial pressure?

A

Diastolic pressure +1/3 Pulse pressure

45
Q

What determines the total arteriolar resistance?

A

It is determined by the contraction of vascular smooth muscle which controls the radius of the arterioles.

46
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Small vascular bodies in the aortic arch.

47
Q

how does an increase in blood volume effect the circulation?

A

it increases the cardiac output through the frank-starling mechanism. It is also a long term moderator of blood pressure.

48
Q

where are the two primary baroreceptors located?

A

in the carotid sinus and in the aortic arch.

49
Q

where are the secondary baroreceptors located?

A

Veins, Myocardium and pulmonary vessels.

50
Q

what nerves are afferents for the control of circulation?

A

Vagus and the glossopharyngeal.

51
Q

what are the 3 key effectors for the regulation of the circulation?

A

The heart - BP,CO etc.
Blood vessels - effects TPR
Kidney, effects H2O in blood

52
Q

which area are cardiovascular reflexes related to in the brain?

A

the hypothalamus and in the pons.

CVS (6 decks)

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