Circulation and Respiration Flashcards
what is the circulatory system
the circulating of blood through the body
what organs are apart of the circulatory system
heart
blood vessels
blood
Three types of blood vessels
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries
Blood transfers…
glucose, gasses
What determines the color of blood
oxygen
Blood is made up of
plasma (liquid portion)
cells (red blood cells and white blood cells)
Platelets (helps blood clots)
hemoglobin
what is hemoglobin
iron in blood that makes it red
Heart is split in two parts, what parts?
deoxygenated partition and oxygenated partition
Arteries carry blood _____ from the heart
AWAY
Veins carry blood _____ from the heart
TOWARDS
What are capillaries
small blood vessels which give and take oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to lungs
Four Chambers:
(deoxygenated side) R
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
(oxygenated side) L
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
How do the walls of heart compare in terms of the atrium and ventricles
the walls of the atrium are thinner
the walls of the ventricles are thicker
Valves
one way sectors that seperate the chambers and prevent backflow of the blood
Blood PATHWAY!
- deoxygenated blood goes through the INFERIOR VENA CAVA
- RIGHT ATRIUM
- RIGHT VENTRICLE
- PULMONARY ARTERY
goes to lung and releases CO2 becoming oxygenated
- OXYGENATED BLOOD GOES TO HEART in PULMONARY VEIN
- LEft Atrium
- Left Ventricle
- Goes through Aorta
superior vena cava vs inferior vena cava
SVC - carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body
IVC - carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body
Aaorta
transfers blood throughout the whole body
Coronary Arteries
branched from the aorta supplies the hear blood through capillaries
Coronary veins
takes the deoxygenated blood in hear to remove the deoxygenated blood from the heart
Septum
wall that separates right and left sides of heart
cardiovascular system include…
heart
blood
blood vessels
Pulmonary Circuit
oxygen poor blood from the BODY goes to
RIGHT SIDE OF HEART
TO THE LUNGS
- which pick ups oxygen and releases CO2
oxygen rich blood returns to the
LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART
Systemic circuit
Left side of heart pumps oxygen rich blood to BODY
which releases throughout the body oxygen and picks up CO2
RETURNS TO HEART’S RIGHT SIDE
What is transported to and from cells?
nutrients
hormones
wastes
True or False
Humans have a closed circulatory system
True
blood is contained within vessels
two types of chambers and their function
- Atria
receive blood GOING TO HEART - Ventricles
pump blood out of heart.
Simple definition of the pulmonary circuit
goes to and from lungs
simple definition of systemic circuit
goes to and from body
When the heart is relaxed the chambers ____ with blood
FILL
When the cardiac muscle contracts the blood is ____
pushed through
How is the heart beat sound made?
the valves closing
Pacemaker
a cluster of cells in the right atrium that COORDINATES timing of heart contraction
Blood vessels types
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Arteries carry blood ____ from the heart
AWAY
Veins carry blood _____ the heart
TOWARD
Capillaries are built….
Thin walled by one cell
allows exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes between blood and cells
Systole
when the ventricle contracts
Diastole
when ventricle relaxes
How is the artery built?
made of muscle and is thick elastic wall TO WITHSTAND HIGHER PRESSURE
How are veins built?
thin walls of muscle and elastic tissue
low pressure, skeletal muscle movement helps blood return from veins to heart
what is blood pressure
pressure of blood against artery walls
What is in blood
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma
What is the fluid mosaic model?
The model describing the cell membrane as a flexible, dynamic structure with a phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins.
Why do phospholipids form membranes in water?
Their hydrophilic heads face water while hydrophobic tails avoid water, creating a bilayer.
What is diffusion?
The passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
What is passive transport?
The movement of molecules across a membrane without energy, down their concentration gradient.
How does osmosis work?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.
Define hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.
Hypertonic: Water moves out; cell shrinks.
Hypotonic: Water moves in; cell swells.
Isotonic: No net water movement; cell remains the same.
What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?
It swells and may burst (lysis).
What happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution?
It shrinks away from the cell wall (plasmolysis).
What is facilitated diffusion?
Passive transport of molecules via transport proteins, without energy use.
What are aquaporins?
Special channel proteins that speed up water movement across the membrane.
What is active transport?
The movement of substances against their concentration gradient using energy (ATP).
Define exocytosis.
The process of vesicles fusing with the membrane to expel materials from the cell.
Define endocytosis.
The process of the cell engulfing substances by forming vesicles.
How do phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis differ?
Phagocytosis: “Cell eating” – engulfs large particles.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis: Uses receptor proteins to selectively take in specific molecules.
How do contractile vacuoles help freshwater organisms?
They expel excess water to maintain balance in a hypotonic environment.
What is the process called when molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
Diffusion
True or False: Osmosis is a type of diffusion specifically for water molecules.
True
Fill in the blank: Active transport requires ______ to move substances against their concentration gradient.
energy
What type of transport does not require energy?
Passive transport
Which of the following is an example of active transport? A) Diffusion B) Osmosis C) Sodium-potassium pump D) Facilitated diffusion
C) Sodium-potassium pump
What is the term for the movement of large particles into a cell via vesicles?
Endocytosis
True or False: Facilitated diffusion requires energy to occur.
False
What is the primary function of a cell membrane?
To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Define osmosis.
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
Simple diffusion does not require transport proteins, while facilitated diffusion does.
What role do channel proteins play in membrane transport?
They facilitate the passage of specific ions and molecules across the membrane.
Fill in the blank: In endocytosis, the cell membrane engulfs material to form a ______.
vesicle
True or False: Osmosis can occur through any type of membrane.
False
What is a concentration gradient?
A difference in the concentration of a substance across a space.
Name one type of endocytosis.
Phagocytosis or pinocytosis.
What happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?
It loses water and shrinks.
What is the main difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis?
Pinocytosis involves the uptake of liquids, while phagocytosis involves the uptake of solids.
What is the role of ATP in active transport?
ATP provides the energy required to move substances against their concentration gradient.
True or False: Passive transport processes can occur without the input of energy.
True
What does it mean for a membrane to be selectively permeable?
It allows certain substances to pass while blocking others.
In which type of solution does a cell remain unchanged?
Isotonic solution
What is the function of aquaporins?
They facilitate the transport of water across cell membranes.
Fill in the blank: Active transport often involves ______ that change shape to move substances.
transport proteins
What is exocytosis?
The process by which cells expel materials in vesicles.
What is the primary difference between diffusion and osmosis?
Diffusion involves all types of molecules, while osmosis specifically involves water.
