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Fluids/Acid Base Balances > Circulation and Perfusion > Flashcards

Circulation and Perfusion Flashcards

1
Q

Myocardial Infarction, MI, heart attack

A

ischemia and necrosis of myocardial tissue often related to a thrombus blockage of a coronary vessel

death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygenated blood flow

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2
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

blood clot

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3
Q

What is a thromboembolism?

A

obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has become dislodged from another site in the circulation

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4
Q

What is a STEMI?

A

St segment elevation

An ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a type of heart attack that is more serious and has a greater risk of serious complications and death. It gets its name from how it mainly affects the heart’s lower chambers and changes how electrical current travels through them

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5
Q

What is a NSTEMI?

A

A non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is a type of heart attack that usually happens when your heart’s need for oxygen can’t be met. This condition gets its name because it doesn’t have an easily identifiable electrical pattern (ST elevation) like the other main types of heart attacks

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6
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

a blood clot gets stuck in an artery in the lung, blocking blood flow to part of the lung

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7
Q

medical tx of PE

A

anticoagulant therapy
LMW heparin

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8
Q

Nursing Management PE

A

medication, monitor liver function when receiving anti coagulants Semi fowlers, elevate HOB, analgesics for pain if needed, managing oxygen therapy

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9
Q

Assessment for ACS

A

chest pain (occurs suddenly and continues despite rest and medication

s/s sob, c/o indigestion, nausea, anxiety, cool, pale skin, increased HR, RR

ECG changes elevation in the ST segment in two contiguous leads is a key diagnostic factor for MI

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10
Q

nursing interventions ACS

A

relieve pain and s/s of ischemia

improve respiratory function
promote tissue perfusion
reduce anxiety
educate pt and family
provide continuous care

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11
Q

what is ischemia

A

reduced blood flow (remember there is oxygen in blood)

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12
Q

drugs for increased heart rate

A

beta blockers, calcium channel blockers

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13
Q

drugs for increased blood volume (preload)

A

beta blockers, nitrates, calcium channel blockers

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14
Q

drugs for increased blood pressure (afterload)

A

beta blockers, nitrates, calcium channel blockers

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15
Q

drugs for increased muscle contractility

A

beta blockers, calcium channel blockers

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16
Q

what is a beta blocker?

A

Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline. Beta blockers cause the heart to beat more slowly and with less force, which lowers blood pressure. Beta blockers also help widen veins and arteries to improve blood flow

17
Q

What is a calcium channel blocker?

A

prevent calcium from coming into the myocardial cell membrane, causes dilation of coronary and peripheral arteries

no calcium = dilation

18
Q

how does calcium affect the heart?

A

Calcium particles enter the heart muscle cells during each heartbeat and contribute to the electrical signal that coordinates the heart’s function. Calcium particles also bind to machinery within the cell that helps the cell to squeeze together (contract), which makes the heart pump blood.

19
Q

Nitrates / Nitroglycerin

A

acts directly on the smooth muscle to cause relaxation and depress muscle tone

prevent and tx of attacks of angina pectoris

Help restore the appropriate supply-and-demand ratio in oxygen delivery to the myocardium when rest is not enough

Nitrates work as venodilators and arterial dilators, and by these actions in patients with angina pectoris can reduce myocardial oxygen demands while maintaining or increasing coronary artery flow. On the cellular level, they may increase endothelial prostacyclin release to cause their vasodilating effects

20
Q

what is mitral valve prolapse?

A

Improper closure of the valve between the heart’s upper and lower left chambers

21
Q

what is mitral stenosis?

A

a narrowing of the heart’s mitral valve

22
Q

what is aortic regurgitation?

A

condition that occurs when your heart’s aortic valve doesn’t close tightly as a result blood can leak backwards

23
Q

what is a stroke?

A

“brain attack”
sudden loss of function resulting from a disruption of the blood supply to a part of the brain

24
Q

ischemic stroke

A

Disruption of the blood supply caused by an obstruction, usually a thrombus or embolism, that causes infarction of brain tissue

25
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

too much blood in the brain

26
Q

What are anticoagulants?

A

reduce the ability of the blood to clot

27
Q

what are antiplatelets?

A

alter the formation of the platelet plug

28
Q

what is a thrombolytic drug?

A

breakdown the thrombus that has been formed by stimulating the plasmin system

29
Q

Antiplatelets

A

Abciximab (ReoPro)
Anagrelide (Agrylin)
Aspirin (generic)
Cilostazol (Pletal)
Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Dipyridamole (Persantine)
Eptifibatide (Integrilin)
Ticagrelor (Brilinta)
Ticlopidine (generic)
Tirofiban (Aggrastat)
Vorapaxar (Zontivity)

30
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Antithrombin III (Thrombate III)
Argatroban (Acova)
Betrixaban (Bevyxxa)
Bivalirudin (Angiomax)
Desirudin (Iprivask)
Fondaparinux (Arixtra)
Heparin (generic)
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Dabigatran (Pradaxa)
Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)
Apixaban (Eliquis)
Edoxaban (Savaysa)
Protein C concentrate (Ceprotin)

31
Q

Thrombolytic meds

A

Break down the thrombus that has been formed by stimulating the plasmin system
Alteplase (Activase)
Reteplase (Retavase)
Tenecteplase (TNKase)
Urokinase (Abbokinase)

32
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

abnormal accumulation of lipid, or fatty substances and fibrous tissue in the of the arterial blood vessel wall

33
Q

what is myglobin?

A

earliest marker of injury to cardiac/skeletal muscle

34
Q

what is troponin?

A

positive value indicates damage to cardiac tissue and should be reported

35
Q

what is preload?

A

ventricular filling

36
Q

what is afterload?

A

the amount of pressure that the heart needs to exert to eject the blood during ventricular contraction

37
Q

what is heart failure?

A

when heart muscle is unable to pump effectively resulting in inadequate cardiac output, myocardial hypertrophy and pulmonary/systemic congestion

Fluids/Acid Base Balances (4 decks)

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